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1、第四章词义的处理Techniques of Translating Words and Phrases,1.Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word(英语词义辨析法),Since English words are prone to various meanings,it is of vital importance for translator to discern the right meaning of a given word.And the following are the major met
2、hods of discriminating word meaning suggested by some linguists:,1.1 Judging from Affective Meanings(选择情感意义),Affective meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the writer towards the reader.,You may address somebody as an“idiot”to convey your despise,or describe someth
3、ing as“marvelous”to express your positive evaluation.There are basically three types of affective meanings:positive,neutral and derogatory(贬义).,More examples:,1.He incited the soldiers to fight bravely.,译文：他激励士兵勇敢作战。,2.He was charged with inciting people to violence.,译文：他被控煽动人们暴动。,3.“You chicken!”he
4、 cried,looking at Tom with contempt.,译文：“你胆小鬼！”他轻蔑地看着汤姆嚷道。,2.2 Judging from Grammatical Meanings(选择语法意义),The same word,when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence,has different meanings.,Take the cart back to the back yard and back it into the shed at the back of
5、 the stable.,译文：把牛车拉回到后院，再把它倒到牛棚后面的小屋去。,He had no stomach to follow us.,译文：他不想跟我们走。（意为“食欲，爱好”）,I cant stomach this job any longer.,译文：这工作我再也受不了啦。(stomach意为“忍受”),2.3 Judging from Contextual Meanings(选择语境意义),The same word,when used in different contexts or fields of discourse(business,law,medicine,edu
6、cation,politics,forestry),has different meanings.For instance,in some contexts“mad”means“foolish”:e.g.,1.He never read a book in his life and still writes a schoolboy hand.,译文：他一生从来没有读过一本书，写的字还像学童的手笔。,2.It would be like trying to make the hands of a clock backwards to its ticking.,译文：这无异是想使时钟的指针向后倒转
7、。(tick滴答声),3.Mr.Johnson suddenly failed,and all hands in the factory were turned off.,译文：约翰逊先生突然破了产，工厂的所有职工都被解雇。,还有的词可用作不同的词类，如light可作名词也可作动词等。选词还需要注意词语的语体色彩和搭配组合。普通文本和文学问题有很大不同。如,wind 风（普通文体）；风云（文学文体）white snow 白雪（普通）；皑皑白雪（文学）green flower 红花（普通）；红艳艳的花儿（文学）,2.4 Judging from Collocative Meanings(选择搭配
8、意义),Some words have the same basic meanings,but differ in collocation.That is,they have different collocative meanings.One problem with collocation in translation is that,very often what is good collocation in English may not be so when translated into Chinese,or vice versa.Thus in English-Chinese t
9、ranslation,a translator must ensure that the version is idiomatic or collocatively acceptable in Chinese.（词语搭配组合主要需要注意几种情况：一是由于两种语言词语的搭配能力不同，一种语言中可以成立的搭配关系在另一种语言中不能成立，翻译时需要根据译入语表达习惯重新组合，如：）,Build a house 盖房子 build a bridge 架桥Build a ship 造船 build a dam 筑坝Build a fire 生火 build an answer 思索作答play tenn
10、is 打网球 paly chess 下棋play football 踢足球play cards 玩牌play violin 拉小提琴有些词的搭配含有修辞格，翻译时候必须注意汉语的习惯表达方式，如：,She possessed two false teeth and a sympathetic heart.,译文：她有两颗假牙，一颗富于同情的心。（轭式修饰法）,On his fishing trip,he caught three trout and a cold.,译文：外出垂钓，钓得鳟鱼三条，害了感冒一场。（轭式修饰法）,某种搭配在两种语言中都可以成立，但就表意、表情效果看，译入语不宜采用与
11、译入语一样的搭配。如：,He once again imparted to us his great knowledge,experience and wisdom.,译文：我们又一次领受了他的渊博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。（great分别修饰其后的三个名词）,有些词语组合顺序在英语里面是正常语序，但却不能直接译成汉语，必须采用颠倒等方法来调整处理，否则会不符合汉语表达习惯。如：the farm America 美国农业Middle America 美国中产阶级,The photo mask must possess dimensional stability.,2.5 Judging
12、from Stylistic Meanings(选择文体意义),Some words convey the same idea but differ in stylistic features.These words are known as stylistic synonyms.Words that occur in different settings are stylistically marked.Translators have to choose among formal words,neutral words,and informal words to ensure that t
13、he style is appropriate to the original context.,译文：光掩模必须具有稳定的尺寸。,1.I wouldnt have eaten it,only Im too ladylike to take out of my mouth.,译文：咱本来不想吃，咱是觉得打嘴里往外拿太难看。,2.Youre an ungrateful wicked girl.,译文：你真是个不识好歹的坏丫头。,3.If you refuse this offer you will be a most ungrateful wicked girl.,译文：你要是不接受，你就是最没
14、有良心、最坏的姑娘。,Comparison of Translated Sentences：,1.Whoever tries to twist you up,may the end of his nose take a twist.,A.谁要是想捉弄你，谁的鼻子尖就会弄歪。B.谁要是捉弄你，就叫谁的鼻子尖儿歪了。C.谁骗你，谁就不得好死。,2.They confused me so that I didnt know the big end from the small.,A.我连粗细大小都分不清了。B.他们使我真假不分。C.他们把我搞得不知东西南北了。,2.6 Judging from Am
15、biguous Meanings(选择模糊意义),Ambiguity is defined as one surface structure covering two or more deep structures,that is,one linguistic expression allows more than one understandings or interpretations.Ambiguity can be classified as lexical ambiguity and structural ambiguity.,1)Lexical ambiguity,The mult
16、iple meaning of the utterance depends on the meaning of the single word.,1.As Green designed the machine,he must have realized its capability.,A.因为这台机器是格林设计的，他一定事先知道它的性 能。B.格林设计这台机器的时候，一定事先知道它的性能。,2.I saw him at the bank.,Bank means:1)the money bank;2)the river bank;3)the blood bank,2)Structural amb
17、iguity,The multiple meaning of the utterance depends on the sentence structure.,1.She showed her baby pictures.,A.她拿出了自己婴儿时期的照片。B.她把婴儿的照片拿给她看。C.她把一些照片拿给她婴儿看。,2.I wasnt listening all the time.,A.我整段时间都没听。（for the whole time,I wasnt listening）B.我并不是整段时间都在听。(it is not true that I was listening all the
18、time),2.7 Judging from Extended Meanings(选择引伸意义),It is often difficult to find a suitable Chinese translation for an English word or expression in English-Chinese dictionaries,and a mechanical translation may be unintelligible to our readers.One way out is to extend the meaning from the concrete or
19、specific to the abstract or general,or vice versa.,1)Extend the Meaning from the Concrete or Specific to the Abstract or General,1.Nowadays a student heading for college may pack a frying pan along with his books.,A.如今上大学的学生除了带他的书上学校以外，还可以带上一个煎烙饼的平底锅了。B.如今大学生在学校里也可以自己做点吃的了。,2.Electric power became t
20、he servant of man only after the motor was invented.,译文：只是在电动机发明之后，电力才开始为人类服务。（became the servant of man原义为变成人类的仆人。）,3.See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous,the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.,译文：在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。（see-sawing是从see-saw跷跷板转
21、化而来的动词，这里引申为两种情况不断地交替出现。）,4.The operation may not succeed.Its a gamble whether he lives or dies.,译文：手术不一定成功，能否保住他的生命没有把握。（这样更能表达本文的意思。）,2)Extend the Meaning from the Abstract or General to the Concrete or Specific,1.He is a valuable acquisition to the team.,他是该队宝贵的一种获得。B.他是该队不可多得的新队员。,2.Vietnam was
22、his entre to the new Administration,his third incarnation as a foreign policy consultant.,译文：越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。,3.The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.,译文：我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。,4.The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.,译文：政府正在竭尽全力来缓和那个地区的紧张
23、局势。,2.8 Judging from Equivalent Meanings(选择对应意义),Some English words or expressions look equivalent to their Chinese counterparts,but actually they are different.These are called“false friends”.Careless beginners are liable to take too literally(望文生义)or mix up those words or expressions which look al
24、ike in the two languages but in fact are different in meaning.Care should be taken not to be confined or taken away by what we see in the original text.,Busybody,忙人好管闲事的人（a person who takes too much interest in other peoples affairs.）,The long and(the)short of it,She has a weakness for pork。,它的长短处总的
25、结果，要点，总而言之，总之,吃猪肉她可不行她有爱吃猪肉的嗜好。,2.9 Choice of Different Chinese Words to Translate the Same English Word or Use of the Same Chinese Words to Translate Different English Words(同词异译，异词同译),1)Choice of Different Chinese Words to Translate the Same English Word(同词异译)（一词多义）,A skillful translator may trans
26、late an English word or expression in many ways without changing its meaning to make his version adequate and expressive.This involves choice of words,extension of meanings and whats more,a large Chinese vocabulary on the part of the translator.E.g.,Survive:1.He was dead and survived by his wife and
27、 two children.,译文：他死了，撇下了妻子和两个孩子。,2.He survived the trouble.,译文：他闯过了难关。,3.Very few of these old coins survived.,译文：这些古钱币现在已经十分罕见。,4.The country survived the external pressures.,译文：这个国家经受了外部压力，未被压垮。,1)Use of the Same Chinese Words to Translate Different English Words(异词同译),For consistency of concepts
28、 or rhetorical reasons,the same Chinese word or expression may sometimes be used for different English words or expressions.E.g.,1.The configuration of world power,2.The structure of the existing bureaucracy,译文：全球力量的格局,译文：现有行政机构的格局,3.0 Judging fro Different Branches of Learning and Specialties(根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义),1.He is on the second base.,2.Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.,3.The weary troops marched back to the base.,译文：他在二垒。(体育),译文：AB线是三角形ABC的底边。,译文：疲惫不堪的士兵列队返回基地。（军事）,Chapter 3,Part 2,Conversion of Word Classes,词类转换,
