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1、Translation of Adverbial and Attributive Clauses英语状语从句和定语从句的翻译,1.英语状语从句的翻译,英语状语从句，包括表示时间、条件、目的等各种从句。尽管引导英语状语从句的从属连词，基本上可以在汉语中找到相对应的关联词，但有时不必翻译，因为引导汉语状语分句的关联词时常省略，有近50%的汉语复句中并不使用关联词，而且省略关联词的汉语句子更为精炼。英语状语从句的位置颇为灵活，置于主句之前或主句之后均可；汉语状语从句一般位于主句之前，偶尔才位于主句之后。,1.1 时间状语从句的翻译1.2 原因状语从句的翻译1.3 条件状语从句的翻译1.4 让步状语从
2、句的翻译1.5 目的状语从句的翻译1.6 结果状语从句的翻译1.7 方式状语从句的翻译1.8 地点状语从句的翻译,1.1 时间状语从句的翻译,1.1.1 译成与汉语完全对应的表示时间的状语（1）We shall discuss the problem fully before we make the decision.我们在做出决定之前要充分讨论这个问题。（2）The iron should be striken while it is hot.趁热打铁。,（3）If winter comes,can spring be far away?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（4）我们第二次见面时，我发现
3、她比实际年龄显得老一些了。When we met each other for the second time,I found that she looked older than she was.,1.1.2 转译为其它状语从句,英语状语从句通常可按其从属连词、连接副词或所用的引导词的含义来翻译，但有时它们的深层意义互相渗透，可以互相替换，需要转译。有些英语状语从句虽然形式上是由表示时间的引导词（如when,before,until等）引导，但根据句子逻辑意义来判断，应灵活翻译成表因果关系的从句，或者翻译为表条件的状语从句或表目的的状语从句。,（1）When winds blow parti
4、cles against a large rock for a long time,the softer layers of the rock are slowly worn away.由于风把砂粒刮起来，碰撞大岩石，久而久之，较松软的岩石层就被慢慢地磨损。（2）One must sow before one can reap.只有播种，才能有收获。（译成汉语的必要条件复句的正句。也可根据汉语表达习惯，译为：一份耕耘，一份收获。）,1.1.3 翻译成固定句型,由hardly(scarcely).when(before),no sooner.than,as soon as.,the moment
5、(the instant),just as.等短语连词引导的时间状语从句翻译成汉语时，主句与从句通常要互换，常常译成包含“刚（一）.就.”这种结构的句子。同样，包含该结构的汉语句子亦应翻译成英语中相对应的固定句式。,(1)我们刚到车站，火车就开了。Scarcely had we got to the station before the train left.(2)计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。Hardly had the computer started working when viruses were found.(3)As soon as she heard the news,she
6、fainted.她一听到这个消息，就昏过去了。(4)They fell in love the moment they saw each other for the first time.他们一见钟情。,1.1.4 译成并列分句,(1)The earth turns round its axis as it travels about the sun.地球一面绕太阳运行，一面绕地轴自转。(2)I read a newspaper while I was waiting/I waited.我边等边看报。(3)I was going home when I met Mary.我正要回家，就在这个时
7、候，我碰到了玛丽。,1.2 原因状语从句的翻译,英语原因状语从句通常由从属连词as（由于）,because,since（既然）引导。所有的英语原因状语从句在汉语译文中通常位于句首，偶尔亦置于句末。汉语的原因状语从句翻译成英语时可位于译句句首，也可置于译句句末。,1.2.1 译成表示原因的分句,(1)Because his parents had paved a good way for him,he didnt worry about it at all.他之所以一点不急，是因为父母已为他铺好了道路。(2)既然发言人不能来，我们不得不取消这次会议。Since the speaker cant
8、come,well have to cancel the meeting.(3)因为他为这次考试做好了充分准备，所以成功通过了。He successfully passed the exam because he made full preparations for it.,1.2.2 译为不带关联词、因果关系内含的并列 分句,(1)Since the electrical inventions which Edison had given us were very important,we could not live without them-not for one minute.爱迪生为
9、我们发明的各种电器太重要了，我们的生活离不开它们一刻也离不开。(2)He was not nervous at all,because he was ready.他胸有成竹，一点儿不紧张。,1.3 条件状语从句的翻译,1.3.1 译成相对应的表条件的分句(1)If I could relive my life,I would lead quite a different life,leaving less regrets.如果我可以重新过日子，我会生活得截然不同，不会留下这么多遗憾。(2)只有忠实于事实，才能忠实于真理。Only if we are true to facts,can we b
10、e loyal to the truth.,1.3.2 译成不含关联词、内含条件关系的句子,(1)If the temperature drops to zero degree centigrade,water freezes.水在摄氏零度结冰。(2)If you work hard,you will succeed.努力工作，就会成功。,1.4 让步状语从句的翻译,1.4.1 译成表示“让步”的分句(1)Even if man has built the most complicated computer,it cannot compare in intricacy with the bra
11、in.即使人类研制出了最复杂的电脑，其复杂程度也无法与人脑相比。(2)哪怕成功的希望渺茫，我们也还要试一试。Even though our hope for success is pretty slim,we still want to have a try.,1.4.2 译成表“无条件”的条件分句,“无条件”的条件分句，通常以whatever,wherever,whoever,whenever,no matter wh-为引导词，通常翻译为“不论”“无论”“不管”等关联词。(1)Ill be right here waiting for you,wherever you go,and wha
12、tever you do.无论你到哪里去，无论你做什么，我都会在这里等你。(2)No matter what happens,he will go on with an indomitable will without turning back.不管发生什么事，他都将义无反顾，勇往直前。,1.5 目的状语从句的翻译,以so that,in order that,to the end that,in case等从属短语连词引导的目的状语从句，一般译成汉语中相对应的“为了”、“以便”、“以免”、“以防”等引导的目的状语修饰语。同样，汉语中这样的目的状语修饰语应翻译成英语的目的状语从句。,1.5.1
13、 译成表示“目的”的后置状语,(1)Youd better take an umbrella with you in case it rains.你最好带把伞以防下雨。(2)学生应该背诵一些优秀散文，以便奠定坚实的语言基本功。Students are expected to recite a number of excellent pieces of prose so that they may lay a solid foundation in language competence.,1.5.2 译成表示“目的”的前置状语 He sent a bunch of flowers each d
14、ay in order that he could win her love.为了赢得她的芳心，他每天送她一束花。1.5.3 灵活地译为表目的的句子 The UN was established in order that peace and development can be promoted.创建联合国的目的就是要推动和平和发展。,1.6 结果状语从句的翻译,英语和汉语的结果状语从句都位于句末，系句子的后部分内容，比较容易处理。1.6.1 译成表结果的分句(1)他睡过头了，结果上班迟到了。He had overslept,so that he was late for work.(2)那
15、个女孩上个学期学习非常勤奋，因此期末每门功课考试都获得优秀成绩。That girl studied very diligently last term so that she obtained excellent results in all the terminal examinations.,1.6.2 译成不含关联词但内含因果关系的并列分句,(1)There are many factories around,as a result,the air is seriously polluted by smoke.这周围有许多工厂，空气受到烟尘的严重污染。(2)Peter is such a
16、 nice boy that he is loved by everybody.彼得是个好男孩，人人都喜爱。,1.7 方式状语从句的翻译,表示方式的状语从句通常由as,as if,as though引导，往往位于主句之后，但在as.so.结构中，as-分句通常置于主句之前。在口语中可用the way(that)引导方式状语从句。(1)Please do exactly as your doctor says.务请按照医生的吩咐行事。(2)Mary does not bother about trifles the way her sister does.玛丽不像她姐姐那样关心鸡毛蒜皮的小事。,1.8 地点状语从句的翻译,地点状语从句是表示时空关系的分句结构。英语地点状语分句可位于主句之前，也可置于主句之后。汉语地点状语分句通常位于主句之前。(1)Where there is clean air and water,there are people who live a long life.哪里有洁净的空气和水，哪里的人们就长寿。(2)Wherever he happens to be,John can make himself at home.约翰无论在什么地方都能随遇而安，感觉就像在家里一样。,
