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1、The Process of Translation,Teaching Plan,Teaching Contents:1.An introduction to Three Steps in Translation 2.An introduction to Understanding and Expressing in C-E Translation3.An introduction to Language levels and Translation Unit in translation4.An introduction to the Semiotic Triangle TheoryTeac
2、hing Aims:To make students get the general idea about the process of translation and how to deal with the translation problems in practice.Teaching Focus:The three steps in translation processThe Semiotic Triangle TheoryTeaching Methods:teacher-oriented lecturingDiscussion(group work,then class work
3、)Teaching Approaches:Multi-media aided.Teaching Procedures:,Three Steps in Translation,译前准备工作preparation：反复读汉语原文 理解与表达working：以句子为单位，逐段处理首先考虑句子的基本句型和主要信息点的安排，其依据上下文的思路、事物情理等。其次才是适用的短语、词汇。校核checking：检查修改译文,Understanding and Expressing in C-E Translation,原文表层结构Source languageSurface structure,译文表层结构Ta
4、rget languageSurface structure,解读（分析）analyzing,信息（意义）Message(meaning),组织（重构）restructuring,Language levels,词(word)短语(phrase)句子(sentence)段落(paragraph)篇章(text),Translation Unit,汉语的句子，在理解时容易识别，较容易分析，在表达时又较容易重构，转换成与之对应的英语句子。对初学者来说，句子是较为理想的翻译单位。对一个句子功能和意义的正确理解与贴切表达，有赖于对相邻句子乃至篇章其他句子语义的理解与表达。孤立地翻译句子而忽视句子之间的
5、关系是不足取的。,关于段落：应尽量保持原状关于句子：语义是判断依据 句子内部的信息点(chunks of information),Example,从西南开来到南京路口的一路电车正冲着那对头风挣扎；它那全身的窗子就象害怕了似的扑扑地跳个不住。终于电车在华懋饭店门口那站头上停住了，当先下来一位年青时髦女子，就象被那大风卷了去似的直扑过马路，跳上华懋饭店门前的石阶级。-子夜片段,A No.1 tram running eastward towards the Bund to the end of Nanjing Road was battling with the powerful head-wi
6、nd and its windows rattled noisily as if trembling with fear.It finally came to a halt at the stop in front of the Cathay Hotel,and a fashionably-dressed young woman got off.She ran straight across the road as if driven forward by the wind and flew up the stone steps in front of the hotel.,the Semio
7、tic Triangle符号三角理论,Thought or Reference（思想或所指关系）概念 Symbol 间接的联系 Referent(符号）（所指）语言 客观世界,符号学的三分法,句法学（研究言内意义）研究符号与符号之间的关系语义学（研究指称意义）研究符号与所指事物之间的关系语用学（研究语用意义）研究符号与符号使用（者）之间的关系,三类符号学意义,言内意义 词语成分之间、句子成分之间和篇章成分之间的关系所反映的意义。它在语音、词汇、句子和篇章等层次均有体现指称意义（概念意义）词语、句子和篇章反映的客观世界语用意义（蕴涵、联想、象征意义）语言符号与使用者的关系，是语言符号对人产生的影
8、响,言内意义,音系层面：平仄；双声；叠词；头韵；押韵语法层面：最不突出，因为可以预见词汇层面：双关语；一语双叙；词语的前后呼应句子层面：平行结构；反复；排比；对偶；顶真；回环篇章层面：篇章的层次、段落的排列组合、句式的变化、布局的和谐、语义的连贯、自然的衔接等都体现了篇章内符号的关系，它们都是言内意义的体现。,指称意义,“词的确切和字面的意义（strict and literal meaning）-陆国强现代英语词汇学指称意义不完全等同于“字面意义”指称意义不完全等同于“词典意义”（dictionary meaning），因为词典中词条的释义，不仅有指称意义，还有蕴涵意义。,指称意义和字面意义
9、的重叠与交错,Indian meal 印第安饭-玉米粥Indian summer 印第安夏天-小阳春American Beauty 美国佳丽-月月红German wool 德国毛线-细毛线,语用意义,表征意义：话语中揭示发讯人身份及其地理、历史和阶级背景、年龄、在交际中的态度等等的成份。表达意义：语言符号的情感内容及其表达发讯人个性或个人创造性的成份。联想意义：语言符号唤起的联想以及它所暗示的、或者作为它一部分的概念和印象。祈使意义：发讯人企图改变收讯人行为或心态的意向，具体表现为命令、敦促、说服或乞求。社交意义：又叫“情境意义”、“人际意义”，是语言符号同建立、保持某种社会关系有关的方面。,
10、指称意义vs.蕴涵意义,指称意义也叫所指意义、认知意义，指词与所指客体、思想或行为之间的直接关系。（denotation,designative meanings,cognitive meaning,referential meaning,conceptual meaning）蕴涵意义，也称情感意义，指词内含的情感和联想意义.(connotation,affective meaning,implied meaning,suggested meaning),符号学的翻译原则,在译语句法和惯用法规范以及具体接受者能够接受的限度之内，采用适当的变通和补偿手段，以保证特定上下文中最重要的意义优先传译为
11、前提，尽可能多和正确地传递原语信息的多重意义，以争原文和译文最大限度的等值。“上下文”是判断何为最重要意义的根本依据。,指称意义的理解和表达,英军胜利地登上了小岛。a.The British army climbed onto the island successfully.b.The British army landed on the island successfully.他对事情的进展情况也还满意。He is quite satisfied with the way things went.他是我父亲。He is my father.这姑娘是漂亮。The girl is really
12、beautiful.此人是书就读。This man reads every book he can reach.是可忍，孰不可忍？If this can be tolerated,what cannot?是古非今 praise the past to condemn the present,知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。When you know a thing,to hold that you know it,and when you do not know a thing,to allow that you do not know it-this is knowledge.南京的风俗：但
13、凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish,which stands for fortune.,蕴含意义,指词语内含的情感和联想意义，主要体现在词语的修辞色彩、文体特征、文化内涵等方面。国俗词语如成语、谚语、歇后语等，翻译时应在不影响指称意义传达的前提下尽可能在译文中反映出原文独特的文化信息和审美价值。,蕴涵意义的理
14、解和表达,他是个纸老虎。He is a paper tiger.咱们俩的事，一条绳上拴着两只蚂蚱-谁也跑不了！Were like two grasshoppers tied to one cord,neither can get away!去设埋伏我们都没有信心，想他一定在昨天晚上就早溜了，今天去也是瞎子点灯白费蜡。We had no confidence in todays ambush because we were sure he had escaped last night.It seemed as useless as a blind man lighting a candle.,克
15、明：觉新哪，你听着！Keming:Juexin,I want you to pay particular attention to this.在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees.One is a date tree,the other is also a date tree.客人一走进大门，扑鼻的是一阵幽香，入目的是绿蜡似的叶子和红霞或白雪似的的花朵 As guests entered the gate,they would first smell a sweet fragrance and then see the waxy green leaves and the rainbow red or snow-white flowers.,
