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1、短文翻译讲解,汉译英,徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人研究的地理的记载有许多不很可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景；他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。,徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。周游：到各处游历;走遍travel across(around)；tour；visit考察:explore;make an on-the-spot inve
2、stigation;inspect足迹：footprint;footmark;trace遍及 spread all over,译文1：During his life time,Xu Xiake visited and explored 16 provinces,leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country.译文2：During his life time,Xu Xiake traveled around and conducted surveys in 16 provinces.he left his footprin
3、ts in virtually every part of the country.,他在考察的过程中，从来不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他在考察的过程中:in his exploration;in his tours；on his tours盲目：blindly;in a blind way;without thinking迷信:superstition;blindly worship/believe in。这里“迷信”指“accept readily/without thinking”,译文1：He never blindly accepted the conclusions given in
4、books in his exploration.译文2：In the process of conducting his surveys and investigations,he would never embrace the conclusions recorded in previous documents.,他发现前人研究的地理的记载有许多不很可靠的地方。前人：predecessor;forefathers;others前人栽树，后人乘凉。One man sows and another reaps.记载：record;put down in writing;document;not
5、es可靠:真实可信 true，或准确accurate，信得过reliable;trustworthy,译文1：and found many inaccuracies in the travel notes on geography written by his predecessors.或：He found that many of the geographical records by other people before him were inaccurate.译文2：Instead,he discovered that the documentations made by his pr
6、edecessors in their geographical studies were not quite reliable in many aspects.,为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了:in order to,for the sake of,for the purpose of,with the aim of,with a view to细致的：careful,delicate,detailed乘车坐船：“乘坐”应使用一个词 by carriage and boat;take the wagon and the boat翻山越岭：翻越可使
7、用一个词 climb/cross mountains and ridges长途跋涉:long difficult journeys,为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉。译文1：He seldom traveled by horse cart or boat but climbed mountains and ridges and took long,difficult journeys most of the time with the aim of conducting a real and careful exploration.译文2：In order
8、 to ensure that his reconnaissance were real and detailed,he seldom traveled by boat or by wagon.He climbed over mountain and hills and traveled long distances almost entirely on foot.,为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景；弄清：find out;make clear真相：real situation（区别于表面或造假的情况）；the actual state
9、 of affairs;fact;truth 真相大白come out in the wash;The truth is out;The facts are clear now.弄清真相：get a clear picture of,艰险：hardships and dangers；dangerous;treacherous;difficult 人迹罕至：untraversed；unfrequented；seldom visited奇山秀景：grotesque mountains and spectacular sceneries;奇：grotesque,peculiar,strange,un
10、ique秀：fantastic,miraculous,magnificent,spectacular,为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景；译文1：To get a true picture of nature,he picked/chose mountains with treacherous paths and unfrequented jungles for explorations,discovering many grotesque mountains and beautiful sceneries.,译文2：In order t
11、o develop a true picture of the natural world,he made it a point of undertaking his expeditions in those mountain areas where roads were difficult to travel and in those woods that were sparsely populated.,他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。,他常常选择不同的时间和季节，多次重游各地名山，反复观察变换的奇景。译文1：He would revisit famous
12、 mountains at different time and in different seasons to observe the changing magnificent views time and again.,译文2：In this way he discovered many marvelous mountains and beautiful scenes.He frequently chose different times and seasons of the year to make repeated visits to the famous mountains acro
13、ss the country so that he could make repeated observations of their wonderful scenery that kept changing all year round.,英译汉,Effort is the gist of it.There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties.Short of the impossible,as Yeats put it,the satisfaction we get from a lifetime
14、depends on how high we choose our difficulties.Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of“The pleasure of taking pains”.The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.,We demand difficulty even in our games.We
15、demand it because without difficulty there can be no game.A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it.The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty.When someone ruins the fun,he always does so by refusing to play by the rules.It is easier to win at chess if you are f
16、ree,at your pleasure,to change the wholly arbitrary rules,but the fun is in winning within the rules.No difficulty,no fun.,【概述】这是一篇说理性的议论文，文章评论美国19世纪哲学家、思想家、作家亨利大卫梭罗对人生幸福的看法。用词正式，逻辑严谨，哲理性强。译好这类文章有一定难度，翻译时要注意整篇文章的逻辑关系，特别注意语篇的连贯和衔接。,译文：,Effort is the gist of it.There is no happiness except as we take
17、on life-engaging difficulties.gist:与essence同义，意为“精要；精髓”。此句可译为“全力以赴，便是其精髓所在”。,Effort is the gist of it.There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties.译文1：殚精竭虑，全力以赴，便是其精髓所在。除非我们愿意直面那些需要我们全身心投入的艰难困苦，否则便不会有幸福可言。译文2：努力才是其精髓。没有磨砺，何来幸福。,Short of the impossible,as Yeats put it,the sat
18、isfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties.short of:除之外。short of the impossible 可译为“除了不可能做的事情之外”。Yeats:William Butter Yeats,叶芝（1865 1939）爱尔兰诗人及剧作家，曾获1923年诺贝尔文学奖。as Yeats put it:正像叶芝说得那样。,Short of the impossible,as Yeats put it,the satisfaction we get from a lifet
19、ime depends on how high we choose our difficulties.译:1：正如叶芝所言，除却某些不可能的情形，我们于人生中所获取的满足皆取决于我们在多高的境界中选择我们所愿意面对的艰难困苦。译文2：叶芝说过，除了难以可为的事情，人生的幸福大小就在于所选择的难度高低。,Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of“The pleasure of taking pains”.Robert Frost：罗伯特弗罗斯特（1874-1963），美国著名诗人，曾4次
20、获得美国普利策诗歌奖。taking pains:吃苦；努力。例如：It takes pains to learn a foreign language well.学好一门外语非吃苦不可。,Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of“The pleasure of taking pains”.译:1：当罗伯特弗罗斯特言及“以苦为乐”时，他内心所思，大体如此。译文2：罗伯特弗罗斯特也有“以苦为乐”之类的说法，他与叶芝英雄所见略同。,The mortal flaw in the adverti
21、sed version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.mortal:致命的；凡人的flaw:瑕疵，缺点mortal flaw:致命的缺陷。purport:声称，意指，大意是.advertised 应理解为popular,made known,即“世人宣扬的”，“世俗的”。,The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless.译文：商业广告中所宣扬的
22、那种幸福观，其致命的缺陷就在于这样一个事实，即它宣称，一切幸福皆唾手可得，不费吹灰之力。译文2：世人所宣扬的那种幸福观，其致命错误就在于它认为，幸福似乎可以唾手可得。,We demand difficulty even in our games.We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game.,We demand difficulty even in our games.We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game.译文1：即便于游戏之中，我们也
23、需要有艰难困苦。我们之所以需要它，因为设若没有困难，便断无游戏可言。译文2：甚至于游戏也离不开难度。没有了难度也就没有了游戏。,A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it.The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty.arbitrary:任意的，武断的，专制的imposition:强加arbitrary imposition of difficulty:任意施加难度于；人为设定难度。,A game is a way of making so
24、mething hard for the fun of it.The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty.译文:1：游戏即是这样一种方式，为了享受其中的情趣而人为地使事情变得不那么轻而易举。游戏中的种种规则，便是将困难武断地强加于人。译文2：游戏之道恰恰在于难中作乐。游戏规则就是人为设定的难度。,When someone ruins the fun,he always does so by refusing to play by the rules.,When someone ruins the fun,he
25、always does so by refusing to play by the rules.译文:1：当有人将情趣摧毁殆尽时，他总是因为拒不按游戏规则行事而使然。译文2：不依规则便叫人意兴阑珊。,It is easier to win at chess if you are free,at your pleasure,to change the wholly arbitrary rules,but the fun is in winning within the rules.No difficulty,no fun.,It is easier to win at chess if you
26、are free,at your pleasure,to change the wholly arbitrary rules,but the fun is in winning within the rules.No difficulty,no fun.,It is easier to win at chess if you are free,at your pleasure,to change the wholly arbitrary rules,but the fun is in winning within the rules.No difficulty,no fun.译文:1：这犹如下
27、棋；如果你随心所欲、心血来潮地去更改那些全然武断的游戏规则，这样去赢棋当然会更加容易。但下棋的情趣则在于，应在规则的限定范围内赢取胜利。一言以蔽之，没有艰难，断无乐趣。译文2：下棋时随心所欲、信马由缰会赢得很爽但没劲儿。唯有进退有尺有度方才趣味横生。若无困难，则无乐趣。,英译汉练习,In his classic novel,“The Pioneers”,James Fenimore Cooper has his hero,a land developer,take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building.He describes the
28、broad streets,rows of houses,a teeming metropolis.But his cousin looks around bewildered.All she ses is a forest.“Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?”She asks.Hes astonished she cant see them.“Where!Why everywhere,”he replies.For though they are not yet built on earth,
29、he has built them in his mind,and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.,Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait,future-mindedness;the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future;the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and m
30、ore emotionally attached to things to come.As Albert Einstein once said,“Life for the American is always becoming,never being.”,【概述】这是一篇关于美国文学的评论性文章，短文评论美国著名作家詹姆斯费尼莫库珀（James Fenimore Cooper）的小说拓荒者（The Pioneer）。文中主人公是一位土地开发商，带着他的表妹游览一座待开发的城市。从而揭示了美国人特有的一种性格前瞻意识。虽然语言的理解不算难，但涉及到美国人独特的处事视角，对于中国读者来说，接触较少
31、，很难有作者那种深刻的体会。对于我们陌生的主题或文化视角，翻译时应注意尽量用“直译”，少些个人发挥，但其文章的风格，则要通过译文充分地展示出来，特别要注意描写人和物的形容词和副词的翻译。,【翻译要点评析】1.第一句中有两个专有名词，涉及美国著名作家James Fenimore Cooper(詹姆斯费尼莫库珀)和他的小说The Pioneers(拓荒者)。库珀（17891851）是生活在美国西部大开发时代的一位作家。以描写西部边疆生活而闻名。hero 在小说中指“主人公”、“正面人物”，正式的用词是protagonist,反面人物为enemy,正式用词是antagonist。land devel
32、oper意为“土地开发商”，这种人在美国开发西部边疆时代十分时髦，他们极富挑战性和冒险性。,2.a teeming metropolis 中的teeming意为“挤满人”、“人声鼎沸”、“熙熙攘攘”、“生机盎然”。teem:动词，原意为“盛产”、“多产的”，如:The Taihu Lake teems with fish and shrimps.(太湖盛产鱼虾。)在本句中，teeming metropolis是比喻，可译为“繁华的大都市”。,3.bewildered:过去分词，原意为“使着慌”、“手足无措”，在句中作状语，表示方式，它跟在looks around 后边，可译作“深表困惑”，“满
33、脸迷茫”，“茫然”等。,4.此句中beauties and improvements是由抽象名词转化来的，可理解为“美景和改观”。有时也可理解为“上位词”，上文提到的streets,houses和metropolis就是beauties and improvements所对应的“下位词”。在具体的翻译过程中，如果发现上位词不好译，可转到与此对应的下位词试试看。比如，觉得beauties and improvements译成“美景和改观”不妥，可尝试译为它们在本文中所对应的下位词“宽广的大道”、“鳞次擳比的高楼”和“生机盎然的大都市”之类的字眼。,5.“Where!Why everwhere,”
34、中的Why表达的是略带不耐烦与不快的惊讶。翻译时注意要把说话人的这种心态体现出来，有时标点符号就是一种很好表达语气的工具。译文中的标点符号完全可以和原文不同。这句话可译成“在哪儿？这不到处都是嘛？！”,6.此句中concrete意为“具体的”，“实实在在的”。as if they were already constructed and finished是虚拟语气，可译成“如同造好竣工一样”。,7.illustrate:“展现”，“用实例说明”。trait:“特色”，“特性”，“特有的品质”。Future-mindedness:“面向未来的心态”，“以未来为参照点的思维方式”，可译为“前瞻意识
35、”、“超前意识”、“未来观”等。,8.vantage:优越，有利的地位；from the vantage point of the future:站在未来的高度，从未来的高度看。unencumbered:没有阻碍的；不受妨碍的。the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past可译为“摆脱过去束缚”，“自由地抛开历史羁绊”等。feel attached to:“喜欢；爱慕；依恋”，这里feel attached to things to come可译成“情系未来”，“放眼未来”。,9.Albert Einstein:艾尔伯特 爱因斯坦，相对论的创立者,当代
36、最为大的科学家，德国犹太人，二次大战中移居美国。此句中的难点是becoming 和being,前者指“未来”，后者指“现在”。句中is always becoming 意为“将来会变成什么”，never being 意为“而不是现在是什么”，整个句子可译成“美国人永远生活在将来而不是现在”，也可译成“对美国人来说，生活总是进取，而非守成”。,参考译文,In his classic novel,“The Pioneers”,James Fenimore Cooper has his hero,a land developer,take his cousin on a tour of the ci
37、ty he is building.He describes the broad streets,rows of houses,a teeming metropolis.詹姆斯费尼莫库珀在其名著（经典小说）拓荒者一书中写到主人公，一位土地开发商，带着表妹四处参观自己正在规划中的城市，津津乐道地描述着宽广的大道，鳞次擳比的高楼和生机盎然的大都市。,But his cousin looks around bewildered.All she sees is a forest.“Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to sho
38、w me?”She asks.Hes astonished she cant see them.“Where!Why everywhere,”he replies.For though they are not yet built on earth,he has built them in his mind,and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.但表妹环顾四周而茫然。因为她所看到的是只是一片森林罢了。“你给我指的美景和大厦到底在哪儿呢？”开发商闻言大惊：“在哪儿？这不到处
39、都是嘛？！”尽管大厦还未破土动工，但他们在开发商的脑海里早已成形，而且真切得如同造好竣工一样。,Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait,future-mindedness;the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future;the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come.库珀在这里揭示了一种美国人特有的品性前瞻意
40、识:站在将来的高度看现在，自由地抛开历史羁绊而放眼将来。,As Albert Einstein once said,“Life for the American is always becoming,never being.”正如艾尔伯特爱因斯坦所说：“美国人永远生活在将来而不是现在。”,【参考译文】詹姆斯费尼莫库珀在其名著拓荒者一书中写到主人公，一位土地开发商，带着表妹四处参观自己正在规划中的城市，津津乐道地描述着宽广的大道，鳞次擳比的高楼和生机盎然的大都市。但表妹环顾四周而茫然。他看到的仅仅是一片树林：“你给我指的美景和大厦到底在哪儿呢？”开发商闻言大惊：“在哪儿？这不到处都是嘛？！”尽管大厦还未破土动工，但他们在开发商的脑海里早已成形，而且真切得如同造好竣工一样。库珀在这里揭示了一种美国人特有的品性前瞻意识:站在将来的高度看现在，自由地抛开历史羁绊而放眼将来。正如艾尔伯特爱因斯坦所说：“美国人永远生活在将来而不是现在。”,
