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1、Unit 8 Knowledge and Wisdom-Bertrand Russell,By：昆明理工大学外国语言文化学院,About the author,Bertrand Arthur William Russell(伯特兰亚瑟威廉罗素）(1872-1970)3rd Earl Russell（第三代罗素伯爵）From Wales,A British philosopher,logician,essayist,social critic,and anti-war activist,one of the greatest thinkers in 20th century,best known
2、 for his work in mathematic logic and analytic philosophy.,A short chronology of the major events in Russells life is as follows:(1890)Enters Trinity College,Cambridge;meets Whitehead.(1893)Awarded first-class B.A.in Mathematics.(1896)Appointed lecturer at the London School of Economics;travels to t
3、he United States.(1899)Appointed lecturer at Trinity College,Cambridge.(1901)Reappointed lecturer at Cambridge;discovers Russells paradox.(1908)Elected Fellow of the Royal Society.(1931)Becomes the third Earl Russell upon the death of his brother.(1950)Awarded Nobel Prize for Literature.(1955)Releas
4、es Russell-Einstein Manifesto.(1958)Becomes founding President of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.(1963)Establishes the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation.(1970)Dies February 02 at Wales.,著作：哲学问题(1911年）西方哲学史，（1950年，因书获得诺贝尔奖）幸福之路（1930年）我的哲学发展（1959年）论几何学的基础（1897年）莱布尼茨的哲学(1900年)数学原则（1903年）数学原理（3卷，与
5、怀特海合著，1910年至1913 年间完成）心的分析（1921年）物的分析（1927年）对意义和真理的探究（1940年）,EssayistSince 1916,Russell only have short-term university career so he mainly depends on the writing for a living.Russell said:A style is not good unless it is an intimate and almost involuntary expression of the personality of the writer
6、,and then only if the writers personality is worth expression.,Russells prose stylePlainness and SimplicityBrevity and ClarityAccuracy and SagacitySatire and Humor,Plainness and Simplicity(平易朴实）e.g.Mathematics,rightly viewed,possesses not only truth,but supreme beauty-a beauty cold and austere,like
7、that of sculpture,without appeal to any part of our weaker nature,without the gorgeous trappings of painting or music,yet sublimely pure,and capable of a stern perfection such as only the greatest art can show.,Brevity and Clarity(简洁明晰）Brevity is the soul of wit.-Polonius I wish to say everything in
8、 the smallest number of words in which it could be said clearly,and to this aim I was willing to sacrifice all attempts at aesthetic excellence.-Russell,Accuracy and Sagacity(准确锐利）I like precision,I like sharp outlines,I hate misty vagueness.我喜欢准确，喜欢轮廓分明，憎恨迷雾般的模糊。,Satire and Humor（讽刺幽默）For instance,
9、the nuns who never take a bath without a wearing bathrobe all the time.When asked why,since no man can see them,they reply,“Oh,but you forget the good God.”Apparently they conceive the Deity as a Peeping Tom,whose omnipotence enables him to see through bathroom walls,but who is foiled by bathrobes.T
10、his view strikes as curious.,I owe innumerable hours to the reading of Russells works.阅读罗素的作品，让我度过了无数快乐的时光。-Einstein(爱因斯坦）,Warm-up,Structure analysis,Text analysis,Do you know the graphic meaning of this Chinese character?,eareyesmouthheart,Are these the essential elements of a wise man?,Discussion:
11、knowledge and wisdom,What kind of people are considered wise?Name some great names.Which is much harder in your opinion,becoming knowledgeable or becoming wise?why?,Are they men of wisdom?,Edison,Are they clever?Are they wise?,Structure analysis,Part1(1）：IntroductionPart2(2-5):Main body of the essay
12、,telling us what constitutes wisdom,Para3:There must be,also,a certain awareness of the ends of human life.Para4:It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice.Para5:I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation,as far as possible,from the tyranny of the
13、 here and now.We cannot help the egoism of our senses.,Text analysis,What view is commonly accepted in terms of knowledge and wisdom?Has the writer stated the purpose of the writing?,Which sentence introduces this topic?I want to ask first what wisdom is,and then what can be done to teach it.(Para1)
14、Identify the topic sentences of Para2-5.Para2:Of course I should put first a sense of proportion:the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to each its due weight.,Para2:What does a sense of proportion mean?,The capacity to take account of all the important factors in
15、 a problem and to attach to each its due weight.,Can you paraphrase this sentence?Why is a sense of proportion an important factor that constitute wisdom?,The ability to judge correctly what factors are of more importance and what are of less importance.,Because of the extent and complexity of the s
16、pecialized knowledge,one who is engaged in one specfic field may fail to foresee the possible harmful outcome.,Para3:What does conprehensiveness refer to?What does the end of human liferefer to?,It refers to the ability mentional in the previous paragraph.Similar meaning to a sense of proportion.,It
17、 refers to the goals of human life.,Para4:What does convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness suggest?,This suggests that all humans are wicked to some extent.,Para5:What does This is of course a matter of degree.?,The writer suggests that people cannot avoid being
18、 partial.The difference between a wise man and an unwise man is the former has a lesser degree of partiality.As one becomes more impartial,his wisdom grows.,Parallelism,e.g.But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality,on the one hand,by knowing things somewhat remote in time
19、or space,and on the other hand,by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings.,Definition in dictionary：Wisdomthe quality or state of being wise;knowledge of what is true or right coupled with just judgment as to action;sagacity,（睿智）discernment,or insight（洞察力）4.scholarly knowledge or lear
20、ning wiseact or saying.Knowledge：1.acquaintance with facts,truths,or principles,as from study or investigation2.acquaintance or familiarity（精通）gained by sight,experience,or report3.the fact or state of knowing4.awareness,as of a fact or circumstance,Knowledge=data.Wisdom=applied knowledge.Integrated
21、 facts,data and experience to produce a superior idea,knowledge is the accumulation of all the facts,but wisdom is the ability to use those facts to solve problems,and how to apply the knowledge to everyday life.,Memorable quotes,Science is organized knowledge,wisdom is organized life.（科学是系统化的知识,智慧是
22、有组织的生活）Without knowledge,I cannot play the violin.Without wisdom,I could not play the music.（没有知识,我不能拉小提琴。没有智慧,我不能演奏音乐）,Topics analysedwhat is wisdom？,There are three factors that contribute to wisdom.,The writer tried to show us a way to approach wisdom.Throughout the text,he gives three features/f
23、actors of wisdom,from which we know that wisdom is a clever use of knowledge for noble purpose.,Factor 1,(P2)The first factor is a sense of proportion:the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.This has become more difficult than it us
24、ed to be owing to the extent and complexity for the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians.,Factor 2,A certain awareness of the ends of human life is a very important part of wisdom.Most people have their own goals,these goals determine the direction of their efforts.So,If a
25、persons goal is beneficial to humans and the person is knowledgeble,the man will make a great contribution to humanity.,eg:,It is known that，the great scientist Yuan Longping invented the“hybrid rice”.The invention solves the problem of hunger in one billion people in China.,Factor 3,The third facto
26、r,also the essence,is emancipation.As we know,our senses are bound up our bodies,so we cant help its egoism.We achieve growing wisdom when our thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with our own physical states.,E.g.,Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the
27、leader of the Nazi Party，Hitlers aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe.To this end,his foreign and domestic policies had the aim of seizing Lebensraum(living space)for the Germanic people.This policy led directly to the death of tens of millions in E
28、urope.,Guo xiaoqi,a junior high school student,is from Heilongjiang province.One day,she goes home with her classmate while a car coming to them at a high speed.In this emergent moment,her behavior that drags her classmate into a place behind her momentarily surprised everyone while she is wiped out
29、 by car.,People are moved by her act and call her“the most beautiful student”.The girl achieves growing wisdom although she is just a 15 years old student.,According to the writer,what are the factors which constitute wisdom?(Identify the topic sentences and key words)comprehensive vision mixed with
30、 a sense of proportion(纵观全局并区分轻重缓急的能力)a full awareness of the goals of human life(对人类终极目标的清醒认识)Being sensible in the choice of ends(理性地选择追求的目标)impartiality(公正的态度),Topics solvedwhat can be done to teach it,If it is to be effective in preventing the spread of evil,should be combined with the greatest
31、degree of understanding and the smallest degree of force.,(P3)Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions.Paraphrase:Viewpoints of many distinguished historians have proved harmful because their opinions were bia
32、sed and distorted by their narrow feelings.许多杰出的历史学家干的坏事多于好事，因为他们是通过自己的热情这种扭曲性媒介观察事实的。,(P4)To descend to less heroic matters.through mutual hatred,bring each other to destruction.To descend to less heroic matters:to talk disapprovingly about something less worthy or less importantbring each other to
33、 destruction.destroy or ruin each other 退而说不那么伟大的事情，想想两个人，A先生B先 生，他们相互憎恨并通过相互憎恨而相互摧毁。,(P5)I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation,as far as possible,from the tyranny of the here and now.Paraphrase:I think the essence of wisdom is to get ones horizon free from the confinement/limit of time and
34、space.,(P5)No one can view the world with complete impartiality.impartiality:(n.)fairness,justice,objectivity,open-mindednessEg:Certain ministers are pressing for new rules on broad-casting impartiality.impartial=fair/just/unbiased/unprejudicedpartial=unfair/unjust,公正；不偏不倚,References徐友渔.Bertrand Russell 罗素.香港：开明出版社,Thank you!The end,
