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1、英语中的非限定动词(Nonfinite Verbs),非限定动词的特点：1.非限定动词没有人称和数的变化。比较：He likes to play football.They like to play football.2.如果非限定动词是及物动词，须有宾语。如：I get up early to read English in the morning.I suggest having a meeting.3.非限定动词可以有状语修饰。如：I prefer to go there by bike.Excuse me for coming late.,非限定动词有语态和时态的变化。,非限定动词的语
2、态和时态的应用分述如下:1.不定式 I hope to get an English dictionary.（之后）The children helped the old woman clean the house.（同时）Im glad to hear that he has arrived.（之前）,They are said to be building a bridge.(同时)I wish to be studying in the same school with you.（之后）She seemed to have heard about it yesterday.,：She d
3、oesnt like to be praised in public.The book is said to have been translated into English.1).在too/enoughto 的结构中。如:The suit is too large to wear.The bed is big enough to lie on.2).在there be 的结构中。如:There is a lot of work to do.亦可用There is a lot of work to be done.,3).在形容词easy,difficult,hard,good,heavy,
4、tiresome等后作状语的不定式。如：The novel is easy to read.4).有时,虽然不定式与修饰词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,但该不定式与句中的另一个名词或代词还有逻辑上的主谓关系。如；I have an important meeting to attend.,2.现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如：Hearing the news,he couldnt help crying.完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。如：Having studied in the university for 3 years,he knows the
5、 way very well.The meeting being held is very important.Having been encouraged by the teacher,the student decided to work hard.,过去分词表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式没有完成式。如：The meeting held yesterday is very important,3.动名词 动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种，如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生，用动名词的一般式。如：Most boys a
6、re interested in playing basketball.如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用动名词的完成式。如：I am sorry for having kept you waiting for such a long time.,当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词所表示动作的承受者时，用动名词的被动式。如,Everybody dislikes being laughed at.You can not enter the office without being asked.,四.非限定动词的语法功能,1.作主语 不定式和动名词都可以作主语。不定式作主语往往表示具体
7、的、将来的或一次性的动作；动名词作主语表示一般的或抽象的多次性行为。如：To scold her would not be just.Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.在很多情况下可以用“it”作形式主语，把真正的主语移到后面。如：It is not an easy thing to master a language.Its a waste of time quarreling about it.,如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由介词“for”引起的短语。如：It will
8、be a mistake for us not to help him.当某些反映人的品行、性格的形容词，如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite 等作表语时，不定式前可加一个“of”引起的短语，来说明不定式指的是谁的情况。如：Its kind of you to think so much of us.=You are so kind to think so much of us.,2.作表语 不定式和动名词作表语时的区别类同与它们作主语时的区别。如：M
9、y job is to teach you how to swim.My job is teaching English.说明：当表语是不定式时，主语也用不定式；当表语是动名词时，主语也用动名词。如：To see is to believe.=Seeing is believing.分词作表语相当于形容词，现在分词多指主语的性质，过去分词说明主语的状态。如：The news looks quite encouraging.She got excited about the result of the experiment.说明：1.一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest
10、等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”，“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”，“令人感兴趣的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”，“感兴趣的”。,所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人因而引起心理变化用-ed,若是人、物本身具有的性质用-ing。这类词常用的有：interesting 使人感兴趣的 interested 感兴趣的exciting 令人激动的 excited 感到激动的delighting 令人高兴的 delighted 感到高兴的disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 感到失望的
11、encouraging 令人鼓舞的 encouraged 感到鼓舞的pleasing 令人愉快的 pleased 感到愉快的puzzling 令人费解的 puzzled 感到费解的satisfying 令人满意的 satisfied 感到满意的surprising 令人惊异的 surprised 感到惊异的worrying 令人担心的 worried 感到担心的,2分词作表语时，在形式上与进行时态或被动语态一样，但意义上是有区别的。比较：,The film is moving.这电影动人。（表语，说明主语的性质）They are moving next Sunday.。他们下周日搬家。（现在进
12、行时，表示动作）,The bookstore is now closed.书店现在关门了。（表语，说明主语现在所处的状态）The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p.m.书店通常在下午7：30关门。（被动语态，表示动作）,3.作宾语不定式与动名词作宾语的用处较广,其区别也较复杂,下面分几种情况进行比较:1).有些动词后面,既可以用不定式也可用动名词。不定式表示某次具体的动作,动名词表示的经常性、习惯性的动作。如：begin,start,continue,fear,like,dislike,love例如：I like playing tennis,but
13、dont like to play it in such hot weather.2).有些动词后面用动名词。如：admit,advise,appreciate,avoid,cant help,consider,delay,excuse,enjoy,escape,finish,imagine,keep(on),mind,practice,suggest,understand,forgive,miss,risk,cant stand,permit例如：,If you want to improve your spoken English,you should often practice spe
14、aking English.3）有些动词后面用不定式。如：wish,hope,manage,ask,offer,promise,pretend,decide,learn,agree,care,choose,determine,expect,afford,arrange,attempt,beg,dare,demand,desire,fail,long,prepare,refuse 另外，tell,show,teach,find out,decide,discuss,learn 等动词常用“连接代词/副词+不定式”结构作宾语。如：He offered to help us.They will te
15、ll us how to repair farm tools.,4).用些动词后面用动名词和不定式所表示的意思不一样,动名词表示动作已发生,不定式表示动作尚未发生。如：remember,forget,regret例如：I remember locking the door.（“记得已经）Please remember to lock the door when you leave.(别忘)说明:need,want,require等表示“需要”意义时,其后的宾语用动名词的主动式表示被动含义,或用不定式的被动式。例如：The shoes need mending/to be mended.Thes
16、e young trees want watering/to be watered.The wounded soldier requires looking after/to be looked after.,另外：try to do设法（打算，尽力，企图）做谋事；try doing试一试，试着做谋事。例如：Ill try to finish the task in time.She tries reading,but that couldnt make her forget her trouble.mean to do意欲做，想做 mean doing 意味着，就是，例如：Do you me
17、an to go without money?你打算身无分文地去吗？Missing the train means waiting for an hour.要是误了车，就得等一个小时。stop doing停止做某事；stop to do 停下来做某事。如：Though they were all tired,they wouldnt stop working.After walking a long time,he stopped to have a rest.,4 作介词宾语 动名词可作介词宾语。如:He is against dancing all night.他反对通宵跳舞。Throug
18、h traveling,he became very well-informed.他通过旅游增长了许多见识。用动名词作介词宾语的短语动词有：insist on,think of,give up,dream of,hear of,depend on,feel like,devote to,be/get used to,prevent/stop/keep from,thank for,excuse for 等。,注意：下面短语中的“to”是介词，而不是不定式符号，因此后面须接动名词。in addition to(除外),admit to(承认)devote to(献身于)，be equal to(
19、能胜任),be familiar to(为熟悉),find ones way to(设法到达),get down to(着手做),give way to(对让步),give ones mind to(专心于),keep to(坚持),look up to(尊敬),lead to(导致),look forward to(期望),object to(反对),be opposed to(反对),pay attention to(注意),point to(指向),stick to(坚持),stand up to(勇敢面对),be sentenced to(被判刑),see to(注意处理，照料),be
20、 used to(习惯于),turn to(求助于、)。,但在介词but,except,besides后须接不定式，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do 各种形式，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。如：The boy would do nothing but cry.What do you like to do besides swim.He can do everything except cook.I have no choice but to accept the fact.,5.作宾语补足语）不定式作宾补。如：He asked me to do the work with him.说
21、明：在很多动词后面都可用不定式作宾语补足语。如：ask,tell,invite,force,oblige,get,beg,allow,help,wish,want,like,hate,prefer,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,permit,request,order,warn,cause等。但在某些动词后不能用不定式作宾语补足语。如：suggest,insist,demand,hope,think,suppose,plan,agree,announce等。,在动词make,have,let,see,watch,hear,look at,listen to,
22、observe,feel,notice等后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省略to，但在被动语态中作主语补足语时需加上to。如：The teacher made the boy do the homework again.=The boy was made to do the homework again.I saw him come in.=He was seen to come in.,2).分词作宾补。如：He kept the machine running for ten hours.We saw her entering the cinema.The work left him exhau
23、sted.saw the man getting on the bus.I saw the man get on the bus and drive off.,He had his clothes washed.。We had the fire burning all day.,We heard her singing the song.We heard the song sung in English.,6.作定语I have many letters to write.（动宾关系）Youve given me much to think about.有时虽然Here is a box to
24、 put things in.The next man to come is George.（主谓关系）This is the best way to do that.（修饰关系）,2).分词作定语。Im reading a very interesting novel.Polluted air and water are harmful to peoples health.分词作定语时其作用相当于一个定语从句。如：The man standing by the window is our teacher.=（who is standing by the window）Most of the
25、teachers working in this university are professors.(=who work in this university)Do you know the girl employed by this company?(=who is employed by this company),3).动名词作定语。如：The teacher has many reading materials.A swimming pool was built in our school last year.a sleeping car=a car for sleeping(动名词
26、)a sleeping baby=a baby who is sleeping(现在分词),7.作状语1).不定式作状语可以表示“目的”，“结果”。如：During the next ten years they both worked day and night to pay for the debts.(目的)The text is too long for us to learn by heart.(结果)说明：表目的的不定式相当于in order to 或so as to；但在表示一个否定目的时则不能省略in order或so as.如：I got up early in order
27、not/so as not to miss the first bus.,如：Im too pleased to help you.我非常愿意帮你。这类形容词通常是willing,pleased,glad,happy,anxious等。He is too wise not to see that.他很聪明，不会不明白那件事。You can not be too careful to drive.你开车越小心越好。,“tooto”结构常表示否定意义，但当它同not,only,never连用时，其语法结构便发生了变化，意思也由否定转为肯定。如果将not放在不定式前面，动词不定式则由否定概念转为肯定
28、概念,2）.分词作状语：She came running back to tell us the news.(方式)The headmaster went into the lab,followed by the students.（伴随）The European football is played over 80 countries,making it popular.(结果)分词作状语在表示时间、原因、条件时分别相当于状语从句。如：Walking along the street one day,she saw a little girl running up to her.(=When
29、 she was walking along the street one day),Being poor,he couldnt go to school.(=Because he was poor)Working hard,you will succeed.(=If you work hard),说明：1表示时间的分词短语，有时前面可加when,while.2分词做状语时，逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果与句子主语不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，这种结构通常称为独立主格结构，其构成为“名词或代词+分词”，这种结构可用来表示条件、原因、伴随情况等。如：,Weather permitting,well have an outing tomorrow.另外“with+名词/代词+分词”的结构也可表示伴随情况。如：He often sleeps with the lamp burning.With everything taken into consideration,we all think this is a very good plan.,
