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1、短对话场景地点题,考查学生对对话地点及人物去向的判断 1.常见提问方式：Where does the conversation probably take place?Where is the woman going?Where are the two speakers?2.常用关键词：（一）Hotel front desk,reception,room service,reservation,to book room,register,to check in,to check out,porter,single room,double room,vacant room,suite,bathr
2、oom,tip（二）Restaurant cafeteria,bar,waiter,waitress,order,reserve,menu,bill,tip,go Dutch,my treat,taste,dessert,have a sweet tooth,main dish,hot dog,toast,sandwich,pizza,pie,drink,whisky,wine,alcohol,beer,soup,appetizer,barbecue,cheese,roast,pub,saloon,snack,recipe,（三）Post office mail,postage,postcar
3、d,parcel,package,regular mail,registered mail,special delivery,express,air-mail,zip code,stamp,envelope,to dial,extension,long distance call,collect call,to install a phone,yellow pages,telegram,telegraph（四）Shop department,supermarket,groceries,size,style,fashion,brand,price,cost,cash,on sale,expens
4、ive,cheap,bargain,color,in stock,out of stock（五）Book Store buy,return,order,edition,periodicals,paperback,hardback,regular price,on sale,out of print（六）Bank open an account,a savings account,a checking account,cash a check,interests,balance,fixed deposit,current account,bank clerk,Library latest iss
5、ue,up-to-date information,card,be due,overdue,to renew,borrow,return,to pay fines,author catalogue,subject catalogue,card catalogue,indicator number,call number,alphabetical order,reference book,circulation,bookshelf School registration,graduate,enroll,quit school,term,semester,academic year,quiz,ex
6、am,experiment,doctors degree,bachelors degree,masters degree,tuition,scholarship,credit,campus,dormitory,clinic,canteen,gym,Students Union,Students Center,freshman,sophomore,junior,senior,undergraduate,graduate student,lecture,compulsory course,optional course,assignment,paper,seminar,subject,topic,
7、presentation,liberal arts,scienceAirport and Custom Airline,air-hostess,depart from Gate 2,arrive at Gate 3,flight101,luggage,take off,departure,arrival,smoking section,non-smoking section,boarding pass,baggage claim tag,an aisle seat,seat belt,declare,claim,fill in the form,duty free,pay duty on,Ra
8、ilway Station and Bus Station platform,carriage,conductor,passenger,taxi driver,pull in,pull out,sleeping car,emergency brakeCourt jury,judge,counselor,lawyer,case,sue,appeal,accuse sb.of sth.,charge sb.with sth.,trial,sentence,serve Hospital doctor,surgeon,dentist,nurse,patient,general ward,private
9、 ward,isolation ward,observation ward,consulting room,emergency room,out-patient department,in-patient department,ambulance,allergy,bruise/wound,dizzy,fever,infection,nausea,pain,vomit,burn,chill,cramp,cough,itch,cold/flu,insomnia,diarrhea,a sore throat,high/low blood pressure,feel sick at ones stom
10、ach,have a stomachache,lose ones appetite,prescriptionDrugstore pharmacy,make up a prescription,pills,tablet,dose,powder,capsule,mixture,antibiotic,digestive,sleeping pill,Filling Station and Garage grease the car,fill up the tank,brake,emergency brake,steering wheel,battery,windscreen,a flat tire,s
11、uper,two gallons of super,regular,three gallons of regularOthers theatre,cinema,exhibition,concert,party,go to the movies,dancing ball,fashion show,garden,kitchen,watering flowers,barbers haircutCountries and States America,the States,California,New York,Alaska,Chicago,Washington,Los Angles,Hawaii,A
12、tlanta,Boston,Britain,England,London,Canada,Ottawa,France,Paris,Italy,Rome,Spain,Australia,GermanDirection right,left,in front of,next to,close,beside,by,northwest,短对话身份职业题,由于说话人之间的关系不同，其用词、造句、语气都有差异，要求学生在正确捕捉相关信息的前提下判断、推测人物间的关系及身份。常见提问方式：Who is the man/woman?What is the mans/womans job/profession/o
13、ccupation?What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?Who is the man/woman most probably speaking to?常用关键词：Postman deliver,letter,parcel,mail,post,airmail,registered letter,postcard,mailbox,postage,etc.,Doctors and Patients examination,prescribe,injection,operation,fever,cough,headach
14、e,diagnose,medicine,flu,surgery,be operated on,indigestion,etc.Whats the matter with you?Whats wrong(with you)?I sufferedTeachers and Students textbook,course,grade,mark,exam,term paper,test,assignment,homework,lesson,class score,scholarship,pass,fail,semester,credit,oral exam,written exam,make up a
15、n exam,school record,tuition,drop out,Waiter or Waitress,Shop-assistant,Attendant menu,order,tip,on sale,for sale,marked price,discount,selling season,shopping record,treat,go Dutch,steak,ham,out of style,in fashion,all the rage,in good taste What can I do for you?May I help you?May I take your orde
16、r now?Would you like something else?Will this be cash or charge/check/cheque?Repairman fix,plug,gear,garage,vacuum,air-conditioner,heater,refrigerator,washing machine,drain,microwave,switch,plumber something is wrong with,Police speeding,traffic light,drivers license,fine,give a ticket toTaxi-driver
17、 fare,meter,get off,change,tip,destination,etc.Where shall I take you?Where to?Custom officer passport,restricted articles,free of duty,Do you have anything to declare?Anything dutiable?Librarian borrow,library card,periodical,journal,catalogue,book shelf,due,overdue,renewBank Clerk balance,cash,che
18、ck,an open account,interest,overdraft,withdraw,deposit,Airport Staff and Customer cabin door,gate,business class,economy class,first class,restricted articles,single ticket,return ticket,difference in time,airsick,seat belt fasten,take off,board,land语气词:Hi!Please!How do you do?How are you?Hello!Boss
19、 and secretary typing,operating,copy,files,document,report,telephone,appointment,timetable,arrangement,etc.,短对话时间、数字计算题,要求考生在听题的过程上获取相关的数字信息，或对数字、时间表达做出准确辨别，或根据题意对已获得的时间、数字进行简单的加、减、乘、除运算，就比率和倍数关系进行换算。常见提问方式：How long will the man do?How much/many?How far/long?What time?When?When will?相关链接：时间题：时刻的读法；年
20、、月、日的读法；时间的推算 数字题：多位数的表达；基数词和序数词；分数和小数的表达；货币名称和价格的读法；其他与数字有关的词；(a dozen,score,monthly,weekly,decade,century)；(as much as,as long as,half,twice,double,three times,more,less,no more than,no less than,slow,late,early,before,after,notuntil 与数字有关易混淆的词,短对话因果关系题,此类题型较难，原因有二：（1）原因的阐述通常会出现在第一句，因而易被忽视；（2）信号词少
21、，听完完整的表述后才明白其题型重点。常见提问方式：Why cant the woman eat with the man?Why is the woman/man worried?常用表达法：words:because,as,for,since,in that,hence,therefore,consequently,cause,reason expressions:due to,owing to,because of,thanks to,on account for,as a result,result from,result in,lead to,give rise to,contribu
22、te to,attribute to,now that,so that,sothat,suchthat,in order to,be responsible for,短对话建议请求题,说话人中的一方提供某种帮助或提出某种请求，另一方做出肯定或否定的反应，或一方提出某种想法与建议，而另一方对此做出反应。重点考查考生对建议或请求句型的掌握和对谈话者语气表达的理解。常见的提问方式：What did the man/woman suggest?What did the man/woman want?What did the man ask the woman to do?What did the ma
23、n offer the woman?What is the mans/womans advice?建议：You might as well If I were you,How about Id Maybe you should Shall we Why not?Why bother?Why dont you?Youd better！Youll have to 请求：I wonder if Would you mind Would you like toWill you please Could you do me a favor?How about,建议：You might as well I
24、f I were you,How about Id Maybe you should Shall we Why not?Why bother?Why dont you?Youd better！Youll have to 请求：I wonder if Would you mind Would you like to Will you please Could you do me a favor?How about 接受：Thank you Id love to,thanks OK.Great idea Its very nice of you doing so 拒绝：I dont think i
25、t necessary No thanks.Thank you all the time.Sorry Its so kind of you,but No,.If I.I would do that,短对话观点态度题,考生根据对话内容的关键词、上下文甚至语气、语调的内涵意义并利用逻辑思维能力进行判断，需对所传递的信息进行比较深层次的理解。常见的提问方式：How does the man/woman feel about?What does the man/woman think of?What does the man/woman say about?What does the man/woma
26、n mean?注意事项：(1)双重否定既表肯定 not impossible,not untrue,cantagree any more,not unusual,not single,absent,no onebut(2)all,every,many,always+not 为部分否定，并非全部，不是每个(3)虚拟语气表假设，即为非真实情况,相关词汇：每一说话人持肯定态度，则第二说话人表示：赞同：Yes,sure,of course,thanks,right,Thats a good idea,please do,out of question,no problem,by all means 反
27、对：No,not really,not likely,sorry,Im not sure,please dont,I am afraid not,not at all,no way,out of the question 每一说话人持否定态度，则第二说话人表示：否定：赞同：No,of course not,you dont,反对：Yes,of course,you do 否定意义副词：Never,scarcely,seldom,rarely,hardly,barely,unable,impossible,in capable,unnecessary,unbelievable,little,il
28、l-minded,no one,nobody,none,nothing,neither,nor,dislike,ignore,fail,refuse,hate,stopfrom,miss,deny,overlook,keepfrom,far from,anything but,without,instead of,run out of,short of,tooto,短对话虚拟语气题,此题型为听力题型中较难的一种，因为所有解题都得靠听来获取信息，一旦漏跌或错听关键词，句子的难度就增大。相关语法：1.If所引导的非真实条件句：与现在、过去、将来事实相反的结构搭配;倒装结构；错综条件句；含蓄条件句
29、If he could（Could/should/had/were he）lend us a helping hand,he would do so.But for,without,otherwise2Wish,if only,would that,as if 引导的虚拟语气3.固定的结构（it is time that+did）would rather+did,短对话含义推断题,要求考生根据两个对话者所谈的内容进行进一步的推断，从更深层次上考查考生对对话内容的理解程度。常见提问方式：What does the man/woman imply?What can be inferred from
30、 the conversation?What do we learn about the man/woman/conversation?出现频率较高的习语：Its out of question.Its out of the question.I cant agree with you any more.Its up to you.It depends.Dont take it for granted.Come on.It is all very well to say that.It is ones treat.I have never seen a better(worse)one tha
31、n that.I wouldnt have missed it for anything!A nexts to B.,短对话含义推断题,解题要点：语调表达意义：降调为肯定，升调为否定 注重两种结构的理解：委婉否定与虚拟语气 第二个说话人内容为解题关键 运用一定的英语国家文化背景及常用的习语表达方式,短对话习语题,四级听力中常考词组短语，由于某些短语的意思较为特殊，考生易陷入误区，故考生就注意平时积累：What does the man/woman mean?What do we learn from the conversation?What does the man/woman/think
32、of?,听力场景分析,一个中心：大多以大学校园生活为中心多种场景：（1）作业场景；作业包括assignment，paper，essay，presentation，experiment等形式，作业一般很多，很难。（2）课程及考试场景；课程（course）一般很难，very challenging，好让有志于赴美读书的各国青年才俊们三思而后行。（3）授课场景；教授的课（含lecture，presentation等）讲的极为枯燥，很难听懂但是学生却对教授评价甚高；（4）考试场景；考试一般很难，女生比男生用功，考的好，还很爱帮助男生上进。,（5）放假场景；大家思乡心切，急于回家。（6）打工找工作场景：
33、工作难找，面试要做充分准备。（7）事故场景：学生一般命大，遇到交通事故（甚至飞机坠毁），往往车（包括自行车）毁而人无大碍，受点轻伤或者毫发未伤。（8）看show场景；一般票难买。（9）噪音场景；一般是嫌原来的住处too noisy，不利于安心学习。（10）找人一般找不到。（11）教授、医生、学生一般都很忙。（12）飞机、火车一般都晚点。（13）遇事不要着急，要耐心，要等待。,听力选项分析,排除一个选项的技巧1.所属类别和其他选项相距甚选的选项：(A)The choice of course.(B)A day course.(C)An evening course.(D)Their work.其
34、中D选项，明显和其它三个选项属不同类别，因而对的可能性极小。2.所涉及的人物和其他选项不同的选项：(A)The arrangement of the Wednesday meeting.(B)Where they are going to meet Mr.Johnson.(C)The necessity of writing to Mr.Johnson.(D)Who is going to contact Mr.Johnson.其中A选项，明显和Mr.Johnson.没直接关系,因而对的可能性极小。,3.四个选项中，仅有一个选项含有数字或专用名词，则该选项一般不对：(A)They are bo
35、th anxious to try Italian food.(B)They are likely to have dinner together.(C)The man will treat the woman to dinner tonight.(D)The woman refused to have dinner with the man.其中有且仅有A选项，含有专用名词Italian,因而对的可能性极小。4.四个选项中，仅有一个或者两个选项含有听力中很少涉及的词汇，则该选项一般不对：(A)He was kept in hospital for a long time.(B)He was
36、slightly injured in a traffic accident.(C)He was seriously wounded in a mine explosion.(D)He was fined for speeding.C选项含有mine explosion在听力和日常口语中很少涉及，因而对的可能性很小。,5.内容不合常理、比较荒谬的选项一般不对：(A)Most people killed in traffic accidents are heavy drinkers.(B)She doesntt agree with the man.(C)Drunk drivers are no
37、t guilty.(D)People should pay more attention to the danger of drunk driving.其中的A选项是不合常理的，大多数死于交通事故的人是醉鬼车轮下的冤魂，而不是被称为“马路杀手”的醉酒司机，C选项就更为荒谬，Drunk drivers无罪，天理难容！6.含义比较绝对、过于极端的选项一般不对。一般说来，含有too（太）anything,everything等含义比较绝对的选项是不对的：(A)She takes it as a kind of exercise.(B)She wants to save money.(C)She lo
38、ves doing anything that is new.(D)Her office isnt very far.其中，A选项含义比较绝对，除非有很大把握，一般不能作为正确选项。,听力选项分析,重点预选的技巧1.含义相反或者相对的两个选项，正确选项一般就在其中：A)The woman should confirm her appointment with the doctor.B)The woman should have seen the doctor earlier.C)The womans headache will go away by itself.D)The woman has
39、 been complaining too much.其中，B和C选项的含义相反，正确答案就在其中，C选项不符合常理，因而只能是B答案正确。2.结构相差很小、含义差别较大的选项，正确选项一般就在其中：A)At a cigarette store B)At a bus station C)At a gas station D)At Aunt Marys其中的B和C选项，结构非常相似，仅差一个词，答案一般就在其中。,听力答题途径,直接 是指正确选项或者其中的主要词汇直接出现在录音中的关键信息中，A部分和B部分的大多数并列。细节题均属此类，遵循“听到什么选什么”的原则。转换 分为同义转换和反义转换，
40、如果某一个选项或者选项中的关键词和录音中的关键信息同义或者相反，则改选项一般为正确选项。推理 则需要录音中的相关信息总结、归纳出正确答案。根据统计，可以在录音中直接找到答案的四级听力试题的比例约为35%，50%的题目可以在录音中找到和正确答案的同义或反义的句子。推理题难度较大，但是，可以根据谈话人的语气、场景规律以及B部分同一篇文章的其他题目的答案或者文章中重复次数很多的单词或者概念确定答案。,听力命题原则,强调原则：对于讲话的人或者作者刻意强调的信息，命题的可能性很大。（1）使用具有增加听者注意力功能的词汇：e.g.most,only,just,particularly,really,new
41、,free,famous,strange,unusual,surprise,shocked,always,each,ever,every,little,few,any,nothing,full of,complete,throughout,all,almost,nearly,total,important,must,stress,note,notice,range,insist,add,laugh,desperation,horror,fear,disaster,key,minimum等等；（2）使用特殊结构及句式(强调、比较、否定，虚拟)：强调结构：动词的强调（do,does,did）；强调
42、句型it is/was+被强调部分+其它成份；形容词、副词的原级及不同级的比较：e.g.as/soas结构、not soas,the same as,morethan,preferto,would ratherthan,have more than enough,the mostin(among),倍数+asas,not so much as,more than any other,no better than,nothing better than,different from,similar to、除上述常用词外，还要注意used to,as expected等结构在比较句中的用法，此外对
43、比较级常用修饰语也应掌握：far,much,little,a lot,even,slightly等；,否定形式（一般否定、双重否定、部分否定、全部否定、含蓄否定）：否定意义词汇no,not,never,hardly,seldom,scarce,little,few,rarely,none,nothing,nobody,nor,neither,without,impossible,uninteresting,inability,tooto,nothing betterthan,neithernor等;部分否定意义all,every,always,much,many,often等词与not搭配在一
44、起;含蓄否定句中并不出现否定词而是通过exclude,cancel,miss,fail,without等词给予句子以否定概念；虚拟形式（if引导的非真实条件句、某些特殊结构的使用）；（3）含有数字、时间及相关词汇的句子，例如first(start,pioneer),second,millions of,figure,many，one day,years ago,today等等；（4）重复和自问自答；,（5）引用内容的语气语调一般会有明显的变化：语调是人们表达情感的重要手段之一，用不同的语调可以表达不同的含义及说话人的各种态度和情绪，同样的句子若说话人的语调不同，所传递的信息可能会截然相反。句末
45、降调，表示肯定；如果用升调，则可能表示怀疑，也可能表示不满。当陈述句使用升调时，用来表达不确定、疑惑、安慰、抱歉、无能为力、轻蔑、不在乎、不耐烦等情绪；祈使句如使用升调，则是表示委婉而礼貌的叮嘱、吩咐、请求等；反意疑问句中的后半部分使用降调时，用以表示对自己的陈述较有把握或用来加强证据。Really?升调表怀疑 Really?降调表肯定,因果原则:含有表示因果关系的词汇的句子，命题的可能性很大，这些词汇包括because,why,reason,so,as a result,as a sign of,thanks to,therefore,due to等等。让步与转折原则:在带有让步状语从句的句
46、子中，主句的状态或事实结果与人名所陈述的状态或事实结果恰好相反，违背了正常的推理或常识，考生首先应迅速抓住表示让步的连词、副词或介词：though,although,even thought,even if,unless,if not,despite,in spite of,instead,instead of,yet,nevertheless,contrary to等，在了解让步状语从句特点的同时，对相关问题做出预测。而与让步紧密相关的就是转折有转折意义的词汇包括but,however,whereas,otherwise,unfortunately,yet等等，含有转折意义词汇的句子往往强调转折词之后出现的句子的意义，前面出现的信息只充当辅助信息，重点应放在后面的信息上。Small as it is,the music band is quite popular.,
