《英语词汇学(第四讲).ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语词汇学(第四讲).ppt（30页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Lecture 4,Word Meaning and Semantic Relations(Part II)Semantic Relations,English Lexicology,Two main Types of Semantic Relations,Words are in different sense relations with each other(eg.desk).So are sentences in a language.(eg.John is an orphan.Johns father is a farmer)Lexical Semantic RelationsSyn
2、tactic Semantic Relations,1.Synonymy,1).Synonyms are traditionally defined as words different in sound and spelling but identical or similar in meaning.head:leader,ruler,headmaster He has a good head for maths.head:ability,talent,Interchangeable in all contextes?Identical in a certain senseSynonyms
3、of a word vary according to different contexts,that is,when contexts change,synonyms will become different;or we can say:The so-called synonyms are all context dependent.,Synonymy is the technical term for the sameness relation.English is said to be rich in synonyms.There are many pairs of words of
4、these two sources which mean the same,e.g:Buy vs.Purchase World vs.Universe Brotherly vs.Fraternal,2)The sources of synonymsThe English vocabulary has come from different sources:A:Anglo-SaxonB:Latin C:GreekD:French,Three sources of synonyms in English:,NC,L G S,F AmE,3).Types of paired synonyms:Dou
5、blets:English Latin answer reply buy purchase help aid inner internal world universe,Some doublets are made of British English and American English:British American coach bus chemist druggist petrol gasoline railway railroad pavement sidewalk,Triplets:English French Latin/Greek ask question interrog
6、ate end finish conclude fire flame conflagration holy sacred consecrated time age epoch,Simple,ordinary Learned,formal,A learned value in lexical meaningWarmer and homelier in emotive meaning.invariably?,English Latin deed action dale vally foe enemy meed reward,5)The significance of studying synony
7、ms:Like clothing yourself for different occasions.,6)Absolute/relative synonymsA.S(sci.)carlet fever=scarlatina word-formation=word-buildingA.S(ord.)mother tongue=native language,R.S is different from A.S in the following respects:A.shade of meaningFinish,complete,close,conclude,end,terminate,finali
8、zeB.stylistic meaningdie,pass away,kick the bucketNeutral/euphemistic/slangy,C.emotive meaningNegro,nigger,blackNeutral/derogatory/commendatoryD.range of useon,aboutA textbook on Indian historyA conversation about study skills,E.collocationrancid,addledbacon,butter/eggsF.British and American usagesf
9、all,autumnsick,2.Antonymy,1).Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation.There are three main sub-types:Gradable antonymyComplementary antonymyConverse anonymy,Gradable Antonymy:A term that denotes one end of a scale while the other term denotes the other end,such as long and short.A:They are gra
10、dable;B:Can be modified by very;C:May have comparative and superlative degrees;D:One member of a pair may serve as the cover term.Eg:good vs.bad long vs.short big vs.small,love,hate,attachment,liking,indifference,antipathy,Complementary Antonymy:A:They divide up the whole of a semantic field complet
11、ely;B:The assertion of one means the denial of the other,the denial of one also means the assertion of the other;C:There is no intermediate ground between the twoD:Adjectives can not be modified by very;or in degree form.E:There is no cover term for the two members of a pair.Eg:alive vs.Dead male vs
12、.Female present vs.absent pass vs.fail,Converse Antonymy:Also known as Relational Opposites;They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities;The members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition;X presupposes that there is a y.Eg:buy vs.sell lend vs.borrow give vs.recei
13、ve parent vs.child husband vs.wife,3.Homonymy,Homonymy is a term used to refer to two or more words which have the same form,but differ in meaning.Homonyms are words different in meaning,but either identical in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound.,A.Homographsclose(adj)/close(v
14、)lead(v)/lead(n)B.homophonesson(n)/sun(n)Dear(adj)/deer(n)last(adj)/last(v)sound(adj)/sound(n)ball(n)/ball(n)date(n)/date(n),Ways of forming homonymsA.converging sound-developmentrace,ras:a competition in speed(Old Norse),razza:one of a member of divisions of human beings,each with different body(It
15、alian),rais:root(of ginger)(Old French),B.Diverging sense-development flour,flower,flour,“the finest part of wheat”Greek,“flower”Old French,C.Foreign influenceStraight:from Middle English“stregt”Strait:from Old French“estreit”,4.Hyponymy,Hyponymy is a matter of class membership.It is a relationship
16、between a general term and its specific instances;The upper term in this sense relation,i.e.the class name,is called Superordinate,and the lower terms,the members,Hyponyms;A superordinate usually has several hyponyms:Co-hyponyms.,Eg:the meaning of desk is included in that of furniture,furniture is the superordinate,while desk is the hyponym,while desk and chair are co-hyponyms.,
