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1、Chapter 9,外国语学院 杨莉萍2012年春,alter,v.to make something or someone different eg.This doesnt alter the fact that what you did was wrong.alteration n.eg.1)The editor made a few minor alteration to the text.2)Have you noticed any alteration in her behavior?,alternative n.something that you can choose inste
2、ad of something else 供替代的选择；供选择的东西eg.The treatment is offered as an alternative to surgery.adj.(before n.only)供替代的，可选择的eg.1)We are now looking for an alternative classroom.2)Alternative methods of getting there will be investigated.syn：optional adj.可以选择的，随意的Eg.Universities have responded to demands
3、for students to have a better knowledge of industry by offeringoptionalbusinesscoursesin arts degree.学生必须更好地熟悉工业，针对这一要求，大学已作出反应,在文科学位里，开设商业选修课。,alternate v.if one thing alternate with another,it happens after it and keeps being repeatedeg.1)Wet days alternated with dry ones.2)His mood alternates bet
4、ween joy and despair.3)Lay the shapes on the fabric,alternating the colours.交替,更迭；交替变化,(两者间)切换;使轮流alternating current 交流电,ample adj.(usu.before a n.),1.enough or more than enough in quantity or size,or space,etc.eg.They have ample money for the journey.There is room for an ample garden.2.abundant,pl
5、entifuleg.He is a man of ample strength.He received an ample salary from the company.amplify v.放大，扩大(声音)；详述，进一步阐明amplifier n.扩音器，扬声器形近词：sample?,1.abundant:is mostly restricted to observations about a particular place rather than a particular time,usu.suggesting a valued or desirable quantity.eg.Ther
6、e are abundant supplies of firewood in the forest.This is a land abundant in minerals.2.plentiful:relates to a desirable quantity or even a superfluity of sth.eg.There is a plentiful supply of fish in the market.On this island the edible fruit is so plentiful that it rots on the vine.,3.adequate:may
7、 suggest that not only quantity but also quality is up to what is required,and can be used between an article and an abstract noun.eg.His knowledge of French is adequate for the job.We have an adequate supply of food for the hike.4.enough:can never be applied to quality,is always used before plural
8、nouns,of nouns denoting sth.that is measurable,never after an article.eg.The expression an adequate room is ok but an enough room is unacceptable.,5.sufficient:suggests the same as enough,more formal,and is more often used to indicate degree,emphasizing the end being sought.eg.It is sufficient to fe
9、ed a hundred men.Our preparation is sufficient to cope with the hard new job.,词根 chron=time,chronicchroniclechronographchronologychronologicalchronometersynchronizesynchronous,adj.慢性的；长期的n.编年史n.计时器n.年代学；年表adj.按年代顺序记载的n.航海用的经线仪v.同时发生；时间一致adj.同时发生的；同时的,词根 tend,tens,tent=to stretch(chapter 2),contend v
10、.eg.Parents oftencontendover how to educate their only child.contention n.intense adj.eg.My work is sointensethat I even have no time to take a rest.intensive intensify,extensive tension 紧张程度、状态；张力pretend pretense/ce eg.Alex made no pretence of hiding her disappointment.pretension n.造作；矫饰pretentious
11、 adj.造作的eg.Its so pretentious of her to greet everyone in French.,前缀：pro-=forward,forth向前,provoke v.挑衅，煽动，激起propose vt.计划,建议,向.提议,求(婚)vi.打算,求婚Eg.I wish toproposea toast to our friendship.我提议为我们的友谊干杯。,词根 pos=to place,to put 放置，摆放,compose v.组成,写作,排字,(使)安定,调解eg.Im trying tocomposea letter;please dont m
12、ake so much noise.我在整理思绪要写信呢;请别这么吵。depose vt.免职,废(王位),作证 vi.宣誓作证eg.The witness deposed that he had seen the accused on the day of the murder.证人宣誓证明在谋杀案发生那天他曾看见被告。oppose vt.反对,使对立,使对抗,抗争 vi.反对eg.At first heopposedthe marriage,but in the end he gave his consent.开始他反对这门婚事，但最后他表示同意了。,refrain v.(fml.)to
13、stop yourself from doing something.This word is often used in official announcements or signs.克制，抑制，节制，忍耐eg.Please refrain from spitting in public places.restrain v.restraint n.1)to stop someone or yourself from doing sth.eg.Please restrain yourself from coughing during the performance.The governmen
14、t urged the protesters to exercise restraint.2)to physically control the movements of a person or animal eg.The passengers had to be restrained by four members of the cabin crew.,constrain v.to stop someone from doing what they want to do 阻止，限制eg.1)Cold weatherconstrainsthe plants growth.寒冷的天气抑制了植物的
15、生长。2)Womens employment opportunities are often severely constrained by family commitments.女性的就业机会常常受到家庭责任的严重限制。constraint n.eg.They have imposed political constraints on financial development.,restrict v.restriction 1)to keep something within strict limits 限制eg.(1)Doctors have restricted the number
16、of visits to two per day.(2)I try to restrict myself to one dessert a day.2)to physically limit or control the movement of something or someone eg.The drug restricts blood flow.confine v.使局限于，限制；幽禁，禁闭；防止扩散eg.(1)The risk of infection is confined to relatively small groups.(2)Poor health kept him conf
17、ined to his room.(3)They managed to confine the fire to the engine room.,con+fine 单词fine-罚款,词根fin-限制.如define定义,infinite无限,constrain=restrain 限制.refrain克制,词根strain源于string(线，弦).因此引申为用力拉，拉紧.但为什么refrain是“克制”？str变成fr的真正原因：frain有break off的含义.off表示离开.“克制”更强调彻底与某事断开联系.比如少玩游戏(限制strain)和杜绝玩游戏(克制frain)是不一样的哦.,confine 国界，限制（boundary，limit）,
