《词汇与语法结构代词.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《词汇与语法结构代词.ppt（100页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、第三节 代 词,一、物主代词（一）表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。详见教材P22列表。,（二）物主代词的用法 1形容词性物主代词的用法 形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，放在名词前作定语。如：Mary is going to the park with her mother.（玛丽将和她的妈妈去公园。）,2名词性物主代词的用法名词性物主代词相当于名词，也相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，可以作主语、表语和宾语。如：(1)作主语 Ours is a socialist country.（我们的国家是社会主义国家。）,(2)作宾语I didnt borr
2、ow her pen.I borrowed his.（我没有借她的钢笔，我借的是他的。）(3)作表语The blue shirt is mine.（那件蓝衬衣是我的。）注：名词性物主代词后不可跟名词或代词 one(s),它总是单独用在句子中，充当主语、表语和宾语等。,名词+of+名词性物主代词（或名词所有格）构成双重所有格形式。如：a friend of mine（我的一位朋友。）二、反身代词（一）反身代词的用法1.作动词和介词的宾语She found herself in a different world.（她发现自己在一个不同的世界里。）,My son is too young to l
3、ook after himself（我儿子太小，不能照顾自己。）注：宾语是主语动作的承受者，得用反身代词。如：The emperor put on the new clothes and looked about himself in front of the mirror.（皇帝穿上新衣服，在镜子前面打量自己。）,三、指示代词“it的用法”(1)用作形式主语，代替不定式、动名词或从句。It is the teachers duty to teach the students.（教学生是老师的职责。）,It is no use arguing with him.（同他争辩没用。）It is c
4、lear that she is the best student in the class.（很明显，她是班上最好的学生。）(2)it 用作形式宾语。不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作宾语时，如果后面带有宾语补足语，常用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语（不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句）放在宾语补足语后面。,I find it easy to get on with Jim.（我发现同吉姆相处很容易。）I think it important that you(should)attend the conference.（我认为你出席会议很重要。）,(3)构成强调句型.强调句基本构成:it is/w
5、as+被强调的部分+that/who。注：当强调的部分是主语，并且主语是人时，句型中的that 也可以换作who.如果叙述的是现在或将来发生的事情，动词用is；如果叙述的是过去发生的事情，it 后面则用was。It was in the room that we met each other for the first time.（强调地点状语）,We called on Prof.Wang at his office this morning.今天我们到王教授的办公室拜访了他。It was we who/that called on Prof.Wang at his office this
6、morning.（强调主语）It was Prof.Wang whom/that we called on at his office this morning.（强调宾语）,It was at his office that we called on Prof.Wang this morning.（强调地点状语）It was this morning that we called on Prof.Wang at his office.（强调时间状语）注：It is/was not until+被强调部分+that+句子的其它成分。,It is not until 12 oclock that
7、 my father comes home.我父亲每天晚上直到12点才回家。It was not until he told me that I knew it.直到他告诉我，我才知道此事。,注：如何判断强调句：把it is/was+that 去掉，重新排列一下句子，如果句子仍是完整的，则该句是强调句型；若句子不完整或意义不完整，则不是强调句型，那么关系词则不一定是that,需根据具体的情况选择合适的引导词。如：It is there that accidents often happen.(强调句),It is a good idea that we play basketball some
8、 time before going swimming.（主语从句）It is a question that needs careful consideration.（定语从句）It is Cathy that takes care of the flowers every day.(强调句),It was 5:00 when the plane landed at the airport.（定语从句）It was ten years ago that I first met him.（强调主语）It is clear that not all the boys like football.
9、（主语从句）It was at 5:00 that the plane landed at the airport.(强调句),“such/same”的特殊用法such作定语时，它所修饰的名词之前如有不定冠词a或an,这个不定冠词应放在such之后。I have never seen such a moving film before.（作定语）（我从来没有看过这样感人的影片。）,the same 可用于 the same as 结构中，意为“同一样。”如：He feels the same today as I did yesterday.（他今天的感觉同我昨天的感觉一样。）,四、关系代词（
10、详见定语从句部分）（一）关系代词有who，whose，whom，that，which等，都用来引导定语从句。它们在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、定语或表语；另一方面又代表被定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（即先行词）。（二）关系代词的用法 1who，whom，whose指人，在定语从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语。例如：,Girls who work in restaurants are called waitresses.（在餐馆工作的女孩被称为女服务员。）The man(whom)I telephoned is out.（我打过电话的那个人出去了。）This is the boy whose mot
11、her is a singer.（这就是那个男孩，他的妈妈是歌唱家。）,2which指“物”，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.（词典是解释词的意义的书。）Here is the book(which)he bought yesterday.（这就是他昨天买的那本书。）,3that既可以指人，也可以指物，在句子中作主语或宾语。例如：Who is the man that is sitting under the tree?（坐在树下的那个人是谁？）（指人作主语）Ive read the
12、 newspaper that carries the report.（我已经看过登载那篇报道的那份报纸。）（指物，作主语）,This is the dress(that)she bought in Paris.(这就是她在巴黎买的那条裙子。)（指物作宾语）注：关系代词whom在从句中作宾语时，在口语中常被who或that代替；关系代词who(whom)，which，that在从句中作宾语时可以省略，但作主语时则不能省略。,关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时，介词不能放在关系代词that之前，只能放在从句末尾；而关系代词whom，which在从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以放在whom，whic
13、h之前，也可以放在从句末尾。但含有介词的短语动词一般不可拆开，介词仍在动词之后。例如：,This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.This is the house which Lu Xun once lived in.（这就是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。）（介词in既可放在which之前，也可放在从句末尾）,关系代词that和which指物时，一般没有什么区别，但是当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰或先行词本身就是不定代词时（如：all，everything，nothing，little等），则一般用that而不用which。例如：It was the
14、 best film(that)I ever saw.（这是我所看过的最好的电影。）,The first thing(that)we should do is to buy some food to eat.（我们要做的第一件事就是买些吃的东西。）Thats all(that)I know.（我知道的就是这些。）,五、不定代词（一）常用的不定代词有：some,any,all,no,none,both,either,neither,each,every,other,another,much,many,few，little,one 以及由-body，-one，-thing构成的复合不定代词等。,（
15、二）不定代词的用法1some“一些”some修饰可数或不可数名词，常用在肯定句中。注：some有时也可以用于疑问句，表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答，或者表示请求、邀请、建议、反问等。例如：Have you some envelopes?（你有信封吗？）（估计对方有）,Would you like some sweets?（吃点儿糖果吗？）（邀请）2any“一些，任何”any可以修饰可数或不可数名词，常用在否定句或疑问句中。注：any有时也可以用在肯定句中，表示“任何的”，起强调作用。例如：Please give me a book，any book will do.（请给我一本书，任何书都行。）
16、,3no“无”no 修饰可数名词和不可数名词。例如：There is no need to hurry her.Its still early.（不要催她，还早着呢。）He has no brother or sister.（他没有兄弟，也没有姐妹。）No visitors came here last week.（上周没有游客来这儿。）,4all“全部，都”指三者或三者以上的人或事物。例如：All were present at the meeting.（全都到会了。）（代替可数名词）All boys like to read detective stories.（所有的男孩都喜欢读侦探故事
17、。）（修饰可数名词）,注：all与not 连用时，表示“部分否定”。All bamboo doesnt grow tall.（并非所有的竹子都长得高。）=Not all bamboo grows tall.=Some bamboo grows tall,but some doesnt.,5both“全部，都”both 指两个人或事物“都”。Both films are interesting.（两部影片都很有趣。）They are both careless.（他们两人都粗心。）,注：both 常与 and 构成关联词，连接两个并列成分，作主语时谓语动词用复数。Both he and I kn
18、ow this teacher.（他和我都认识这位老师。）both 与 not 连用也表示“部分否定”。Both of them havent read this story.=Only one of them has read this story.（并非他们两人都看过这个故事。）,6none“没有一个”指“三个或三个以上都不”。注：它代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，意为“没有一点”；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单、复数形式皆可。例如：,None of the problems isare easy to solve.（这些问题没有一个是容易解决的。）（代替可数名词）None
19、 of them is(are)easy to get along with.（他们中没有一个人容易相处。）None of the money is mine.（这些钱都不归我所有。）（代替不可数名词，谓语动词用单数）,注：不定代词none表示“三个或三个以上都不”。“我们（三人以上）都不去”译为：None of us will go.All of us will not go.(为部分否定)我们并不是个个都去。,“none of+名词”结构中的 none 不可用no,nobody,no one或nothing 代替。正：None of the pens are(is)his.,在大多数情况下
20、，none 侧重于数量，而nobody(no one)/nothing侧重于人/物体本身，在问答时，这一点表现得尤为突出。Who are for the plan?（谁赞同这个计划？）No one.（没有人赞同。）What is in the bottle?（瓶子里有什么？）Nothing.（什么也没有。）,How many people are there in the room?（房间里有多少人？）None.（一个也没有。）How much money do you have on you?（你身上带着多少钱？）None.（一点也没有。）,7either“（两者之中的）任何一个，注：eit
21、her 作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。Either is OK.（两个中随便哪个都行。）eitheror“不是就是；或者或者”可连接句中两并列成分。连接两并列主语时，谓语动词在人称和数上应遵循就近一致的原则。,Either you or I am right.（不是你对就是我对。）Either he or you have stolen my watch.（不是他就是你偷了我的手表。）,8neither“（两个之中）任何一个都不”（作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。）Neither is interesting.（两个都没有趣。）（作主语）Neither is willing to help
22、her.(两人都不愿帮她。),注：neither表示“两个都不”。“我俩都没去”译成英语为：Neither of us went.Both of us did not go.（部分否定）我俩并不是都去了。neithernor“既不也不”连接并列主语时，谓语动词在人称和数上遵循就近一致原则。Neither my sister nor I am willing to work with you.,9each“每个，各自的”指两个（人或物）的每一个，表示单数概念，作主语时，谓语用单数；each强调个体，倾向于把整体分开来考虑。Each room can seat at least fifty peo
23、ple.（每个房间至少能坐50人。）Each of the students will get a new book.（每个学生将得到一本新书。）,Each of them did his best.（他们每一个人都尽了自己最大的努力。）注：each 与 not 连用，表示全部否定。Each man is not honest.（这儿每个人都不诚实。）,10.every“每个的，每一个”（指三个或三个以上）every强调全体，在句中只能作定语，修饰单数可数名词或 one,暗示无一例外。Every minute is important to us.（每一分钟对我们都是重要的。）There ar
24、e hospitals in every town of China.（中国的每个城镇都有医院。）,注：every+基数词+名词的复数；every+序数词+名词的单数。“每，每隔”。He went to see his grandpa every five days/every fifth day.（他每五天去看一次爷爷。）,every与not连用，表示部分否定。Every man is not honest.（并非每个人都诚实。）11.other“（两个中的）另一个，可与定冠词the连用,常用来特指两个当中的另一个，表示单数概念。He has two daughters.One is a t
25、eacher，the other is a nurse.（他有两个女儿，一个是教师，另一个是护士。）,other前如有the，this，that，some，any，each，every，no，none，one以及形容词性物主代词时，other可跟单数名词连用。Every member must bring one other person.There must be some other reason for him refusing to help.,注：other的复数形式为others（泛指（其余的人或物），而the others（特指其余的人/物）。Some like milk cho
26、colate,others prefer plain chocolate一些人喜欢奶油巧克力，另外一些人更喜欢纯巧克力。,We got home by 6 oclock,but the others didnt get back until about 8 oclock.我们六点以前到家，但其他人直到大约八点才回去。,12.another“另一个，又一个”（表示不定数目中的另一个，不特指；后面接单数名词或代词one）One is blind，another is deaf，and the third is lame.（一个是瞎子，另一个是聋子，第三个是瘸子。）Dont say another
27、word.This shirt is too small for me.Please show me another.（这件衬衫太小，请另给我一件看看。）,注：“another+基数词+复数名词”表示“再，另”。We walked another ten miles.（我们又走了十英里。）,13many“很多（修饰可数名词）”14.much“很多（修饰不可数名词）”注：much有时可以是副词，表示程度，修饰形容词或副词的比较级。I feel much better now.（我现在感觉好多了。）,15.a few“少数几个”；few“很少几个”a few表示肯定概念，指“有一些，有几个”；fe
28、w表示否定概念，指“不多，没有什么”，二者都用来修饰可数名词。He made few mistakes in the writing test.But there are a few mistakes in his oral test.（他在笔试中没有什么错误，但是在口试中犯了几个错误。）,16a little“一些”；little“很少”a little表示肯定概念；little表示否定概念。两者都修饰不可数名词。（两者作主语或 修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数。）Hurry up.There is little time left.快点，快没有时间了。注：a little 可用来修饰形容词或副词
29、的比较级，相当于 a bit。He is a little/a bit taller than his brother.,17one“一个人,某一个”（指人或物）1）用来代替句中或上文已出现过的泛指名词，避免重复。She has bought a recorder.I want to buy one,too.2)the one 和the ones表特指，one 和 ones表泛指。the one 相当于that，the ones相当于 those。,No dictionary is as useful as the one I bought last year.我去年买的那本词典最有用。(th
30、e one=that 表特指)The children from the United States are different from the ones from China.从美国来的孩子跟中国来的孩子不一样。（the ones=those 表特指）,补充说明：人称代词排列顺序：单数：通常按2，3，1或3，2，1排列。复数：通常按1，2，3人称排列。第三人称男女两性并用时，男先女后。You,he and I are good friends.We,you and they have been invited to the party.,典型例题：1.“Is this bike yours
31、？”“No，its _.”A.BobB.BobsC.Bobs D.Bobs 答案 C2.Nowadays _ seems to enjoy looking at fat girls.That is why many companies have developed special foods to help people to slim（苗条）。A.everyone B.anybody C.somebody D.no one 答案 D,3.You have to hurry up if you want to buy eggs because theres hardly _ left.A.an
32、ything B.something C.nothing D.everythinghardly 否定词，“几乎不”答案 A,4.She promised her parents to write _ while she was away.A.other day B.another day C.every other day D.any other dayevery other“每隔”答案 C5.It was terrible.One passenger was killed，and _ was badly hurt.A.the others B.restC.the rest D.the oth
33、er“the others”后面谓语动词接复数。答案 D,6.If anyone happens to call while I am out of the office，please have_ leavea message for me.A.heB.himC.theyD.themhave sb.do sth.“让某人做某事”答案 B7.The first thing that my brother and _ did in the early morning was to go out to see the pony.A.IB.meC.mine D.mypony“小马”答案 A,8.The
34、re are two windows in this bedroom._ of them face south，overlooking a beautiful park.A.BothB.OneC.The twoD.Either（either 开头谓语动词要接单数，both谓语动词用复数。）答案 A,9.“Why are you smiling？”“Oh，Ive just thought of _.”A.funny somethingB.something funnyC.nothing funny D.funny anything（形容词修饰不定代词要放在不定代词的后面。）答案 B,10.You
35、ng babies can use _ hand equally well.A.eitherB.eachC.bothD.every（强调两者之中任何一个）答案 A11._road out of town is good，but this one is better than the other.A.BothB.AllC.NoneD.Neither 答案 D,12.Modern technology has made _ possible for the whole world to be closer than ever before.A.this B.that C.itD its（it is
36、 possible“是可能的”）答案 C13.It is during his spare time _John has been studying a course in French.A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what“it is 强调句”答案 B,14.“Have you heard the news about Tom？”“No，what _？”A.was it B.were they C.are they D.is it（news 当消息讲是不可数名词）答案 D15.In _own way，mathematics can be as creative and exci
37、ting as poetry.A.it B.itsC.theirD.theirsmathematics 数学（单数）答案 B,16.Neighbors ought to respect _.A.themselves B.one another C.each one D.to each other 答案 B17.This furniture is different from _.A.ones B.yourC.that oneD.that（furniture是不可数名词）答案 C,18.“May I help you with some shoes，sir？”“Yes，Id like to tr
38、y on those brown _.”A.oneB.onesC.twoD.pairshoes是复数，对应ones，try on 试穿 答案 B,19.“Do you like the book Sidney gave you？”“Very much.Its exactly _ I wanted.”A.one which B.the one C.one that D.one what（下文提到上文提到的单数可数名词，用the one。）答案 B,20.People have proved _to be true that the heat we get from coal and oil co
39、mes from the sun.A.that B.it C.thisD./（it 是形式宾语，that从句是真正的宾语。）答案 B21.I dont think _ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.it B.thatC.thisD.those 答案 A,22.“Were all three people in the car injured in the accident？”“No，_ only the two passengers who got hurt.”（强调句）A.it was B.t
40、here is C.it were D.there was 答案 A,23._ he realized it was too late to return home.A.No sooner it grew dark than B.Hardly it grew dark whenC.It was not until dark that D.Scarcely it grew dark whenno sooner than=as soon as“一就”scarcely when=as soon ashardly when=as soon as 答案 C,24.It was not until she
41、 arrived in class _ realized she had forgotten her book.A.and B.when she C.she D.that she（not until 直到才）答案 D,25.It was _ he got a map that he started on his away.A.until B.till C.not until D.not till（not until“直到才”，强调句。）答案 C,历年真题：1.Mary has just called and asked _ to have lunch with her tomorrow.A.y
42、ou and I B.you and me C.I and you D.me and you,2.Last Sunday _ had a picnic in Beihai Park.A.John,Mary and me B.John,I and Mary C.John,Mary and I D.I,John and Mary,3.Lets clean their room first and _ later.A.ours B.us C.we D.I4.You have a good suggestion,I should say.But its not as practical as _.A.
43、my B.mine C.me D.I,5.My car is not so fashionable as _.A.hes B.he C.his D.his6.Study things that are like each other in _ way.A.no B.same C.the D.some,7.She always buys _ my birthday.anything nice to B.anything nice for C.something nice to D.something nice for8.Has anyone seen my dictionary _?A.ever
44、ywhere B.something C.nowhere D.anywhere,9.They didnt give us _ help.A.a lot of B.much C.many D.plenty of10.This book is very difficult,but _ people understand it.A.few B.a few C.little D.a little,11.Usually there is _ traffic in the streets on weekdays than on SundaysA.little B.less C.few D.fewer12.
45、Id like some more bananas.Im sorry,theres _ left.A.no B.some C.few D.none,13._ of them knew about the plan because it was secret.A.Some B.Any C.No one D.None14.Nowadays _ seems to enjoy looking at fat girls.That is why many companies have developed special foods to help people to slim.everyone B.any
46、body C.somebody D.no one,15.Young babies can use _ hand equally well.A.either B.each C.both D.every16._ of his parents is short-sighted,but he is.None B.Either C.Neither D.Both17.I asked two people to help me start my car.But _ of them knew what to do.A.either B.none C.both D.neither,18._ road out o
47、f town is good,but this one is better than the other.A.Both B.All C.None D.Neither19.Which of these two ties will you take?Ill take _ to give me a change sometimes.A.either B.both C.neither D.all,20.There are two windows in this bedroom._ of them face south,overlooking a beautiful park.A.Both B.One
48、C.The D.Either21.The World Trade Center is higher than _ I have ever seen during my visit.A.any building B.any other building C.all the building D.all of buildings,22.Some people hope to be more successful while _ simply want to feel more comfortablethe others B.others C.the other D.another23.Some p
49、eople go on diets._people exercise with special equipment,take medicine,or even have surgery.A.Others B.Other C.All D.Those,24.It was terrible.One passenger was killed,and _ was badly hurt.A.the others B.rest C.the other D.the rest25.She promised her parents to write _while she was away.A.other day
50、B.other days C.every other day D.any other day,26.After seeing the film,I felt _ my friend.same as B.the same as C.same with D.the same for27.In the world no country has exactlythe same folk music _ that of anyother countries.A.with B.as C.to D.like,28._ those books do you want?What are B.Which of C
