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1、Intercultural Communication,Lecture 4:verbal and nonverbal communication,Review,Addressing(How many ways to address Linell Davis:A Doctor and a Professor in Nanjing University)Greetings(how are you getting on?how are things going?)Visiting(principles in business visiting)Compliments(What are the dif
2、ferent ways of compliments between the Chinese and the westerners?)PartingsThe fixed Cultural AssumptionExpressions of gratitude and aplology,Contents,Verbal Communication:Culturally loaded words Cultural reflections on proverbs and taboosNonverbal Communication:Time language Space language Body lan
3、guage Paralanguage,Warm-up cases(verbal communication),Case 1 It is said that in Rome,in front of a shoe store,there was such a sign to attract English-speaking customers:Shoes for street walking.Come in and have a fit.The sign caught the attention of many English-speaking tourists,but not to look a
4、t the shoes displayed in the windows,but to read the sign and then break out into laughter.The Italian shop owner did not realize that a street walker means a prostitute,while to have a fit does not mean to have a try,but to become suddenly and violently angry or upset.No wonder the amusement and la
5、ughter!Question:Why did the Italian shop owner make such a mistake?,Case 2,Roger was the Personnel Executive(人事执行员)of a large American multinational firm.In 1996,Roger was working in Brazil to help promote their business.One evening,there was a party,attended by both his employees from the United St
6、ates and many Brazilian business people.At the party,Roger bumped into Rosalita,a Brazilian woman he had known for some time.Roger generally had a very good impression of Rosalita and always felt at ease with her,so that he felt free to tell jokes and share personal thoughts,and talk about Brazil an
7、d Brazilian life without having the worries of offending Rosalita.,During the party,Rosalita said to Roger,Id like to introduce you to one of my good friends.She is a very capable woman and is presently thinking of working in a joint venture so she can provide a better living for her large family.Sh
8、e is very much interested in your company.Hearing that,Roger smiled and replied,Ok,but I just hope I dont get hustled.Unfortunately,Rogers replay made Rosalita quite upset.Very soon she excused herself as politely as she could,and did not speak with Roger for the rest of the evening.Question for dis
9、cussion:Roger was confused by Rosalitas behavior.Could you give him an explanation?,Comment,The problem resulted from the misunderstanding of the word hustle.In colloquial American English,there are at least two meanings for the word hustle.As a Personnel Executive of a large American multinational
10、firm,Roger must have attended many parties.At these parties,he will always encounter people eager to get a job from him in his company,so he often gets hustled.This is just what Roger was implying to Rosalita regarding her friend.However the word hustle has another meaning in which romance or sex is
11、 hinted.Rosalita must have thought Roger was referring to this and considered it as an insult to her friend.,Culturally loaded words,What is culturally loaded words?Loaded words and phrases are those which have strong emotional overtones(n.暗示，弦外音，寓意)or connotations(n.涵义，言外之意),and which evoke strongl
12、y positive or negative reactions beyond their literal meaning.,Can you find the equivalent words in English for these Chinese words?,龙-dragon 干部-cadre 社会科学-social science or the humanities,Interpretations,1.龙 In Chinese culture,it is a totem with many royal associations and a symbol of power and pro
13、sperity.In English culture,dragon refers to horrible,disgusting monsters.,2.干部,In Chinese culture,it represents a small group of people who are specially chosen and trained for a particular purpose.In English culture,many people dont know what it means.It is not a common word.There are Some other su
14、bstitutes like official,functionary,administrator,etc.,4.社会科学,Social Sciences in Chinese covers all the fields except the ones in the natural science and applied sciences.Same as“the humanities”in English.While in English,“social sciences”cover a smaller area of learning.It includes political scienc
15、e,economics,history(often classified under the humanities)and sociology.,Questions for discussion,What makes the different understandings of the words that are considered the same in surface?How can we define the word meaning?According to Semantics,the meaning of one content word is composed of conn
16、otation meaning and denotation meaning Connotation meaning is literal meaning while denotation meaning is associated with some social factors,such as culture.,Proverbs,The proverbs that we can find the equal version both in Chinese and EnglishMan proposes,God disposes 尽人事，听天命。/谋事在人，成事在天It is a sin t
17、o steal a pin 勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为Revenge is a dish that could be eaten cold 君子报仇，十年不晚Every dog has its day 风水轮流转,The proverbs that we can not find the equal versions.良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行一人得道，鸡犬升天An apple a day keeps the doctor awayLet sleeping dogs lie,Lightening never strikes the same place twice There are
18、more than two Chinese versions:福无双至?or 祸不单行?or 坏事不过二?,Please choose the proper words for each phrase,hare horse snail mouse bee mule as busy as a _ as slow as a _ as stubborn as a _ as timid as a _as strong as a _as poor as a church _,bee,snail,mule,hare,horse,mouse,Taboos,Definition:a cultural or r
19、eligious custom that does not allow people to do,use or talk about a particular thing as people find it offensive or embarrassing.,Die,Go or departdepart from this worldgo to a better worldgo the ways of all fleshpass awaylate In Chinese,we also can find similar euphemisms:“去了”,“离开了我们”,“辞世”,“去见马克思了”
20、,“归西”,“升天”,“上路”,Nonverbal Communication,What is nonverbal communication?The process by which nonverbalbehaviors are used,either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors.,Functions of nonverbal communication,Case 3 Left in the cold,Katherine came to Beijing in 2010 and found a job as an English
21、 teacher in a foreign language institute.Soon after her classes began,she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching style.Quite a few of them avioded attending her class.She was feeling quite upset and discouraged so she decided to ask the Director,Prof.Wang,for help.Prof.Wang revie
22、wed his timetable and suggested they meet at ten oclock on Thursday morning.When Thursday came,Katherine arrived at Prof.Wangs office at the exactly ten oclock finding him talking with another teacher in Chinese.Seeing that she had come,Prof.Wang smiled and gestured her to sit down.Katherine sat dow
23、n and the professor excused himself and continued to talk with the other teacher.,After five minutes,he finished his conversation,and apologized to katherine,and began to focus his attention on her situation.Prof.Wang showed great concern and asked her what the problem was.Just as she was discussing
24、 her problem,another Chinese teacher interrupted,with a form that required the Directors signature.The Director smiled,apologized to Katherine again,and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher in Chinese.katherine became impatient,and wondered why their discussion should be interrupted since she had
25、 made an appointment.Also,she was upset and frustrated that they continued,she was apparently unhappy about what had happened.How should you explain the Directors behavior toward Katherine?How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry?,Four types of nonverbal com
26、munication,Time languageMonochronic Time:punctuality and promptness It is usually found in Northern American,Western and Northern European Cultures.Polychronic Time:more flexible and human-centered It is usually found in Latin American,African,Arab and most Asian cultures.,Space language,Spatial lan
27、guage refers to body distance and body touch.They vary with different cultures.Lets take the north American Zones of Space for example:(1)Intimate distance:0-45 centimeters(2)Personal distance:45-80 centimeters(friends,acquaintances and relatives)(3)Social distance:1.30 meters-3 meters(colleagues,bu
28、sniesspartner,social gatherings)(4)Public distance:farther than 2 or 3 meters(generally for speakers in public and for teachers in classrooms),Body distance in different cultures,Short Mediterranean Europeans Northern Europeans JapaneseMedium Latins AmericansLong Mediterranean Arabs,Touch Culture VS
29、.Non-touch Culture,Touch Culture:Cultures of Arabs,Southern and Western Europeans,Jews and LatinsNon-touch Culture:Cultures of Americans,Northern Europeans and Orientals,Body Language,Body language refers to the non-verbal behavior related to movement,either of any part of the body,or the body as a
30、whole.In short all communicative body movements are generally classified as body language.It can be classified into five types:posture,gestures,facial expression,eye contact and smell.,1.posture,What does their posture means?,The same posture in different cultures,In US,this posture means comfortabl
31、e and friendly;In Arab and Thailand,the sole should never be pointed in the direction of another person;In Germany,Sweden or China,it is a sign of rudeness and poor maners.,2.gestures,If we want to point to objects and people,we have different ways in different cultures as following:,In German,we us
32、e the gesture on left picture and the gesture on right picture in Japan to convey the same meanig.,US:this gesture is OKIn China:this gesture is rude,Latin American countries and Germany:obscene,US:OK,Tunisian:I will kill you.,Japan and Korea:money,Arabs:(a baring of teeth)extreme hostility,Nodding
33、the head,In north America:up and down:I agreeIn the Middle EastNodding the head down:I agree up:I disagreeIn Japan:I am listening.,Sign of telling sb to come closer,Chinese,American,3.Facial expressions,SadnessMediterranean coultures:exaggerate signs of grief or sadnessmen crying in publicAmerican:s
34、uppress the emotionsJapanese:hide expressions of anger,sorrow,or disappointmentlaughing or smilingChinese:control emotionssaving face,Smile,American:a sign of happiness or friendly affirmationJapanese:mask an emotion or avoid answering a questionKorean:too much smiling a shallow personThailand:the l
35、and of Smiles,4.Eye contact,North Americans:direct eye contact means a sign of honesty If not,a sign of untruthfulness,shame or embarrassmentChinese:avoid long direct eye contact to show politeness,or respect,or obedienceJapanese:prolonged eye contact is considered rude,threatening and disrespectful
36、.Latin American and Caribbean people:avoid a sign of respect,5.Smell,Filipinos:sensory-information gatheringAmericans:feel umcomfortable with natural smellsMany other cultures:natural odor is normal,Paralanguage,Voice modulation carries very strong emotional overtones;Tempo in speech also illustrate
37、s cultural variation and can serve as an emotional indication;Volume varies with situations and across cultures;Silence is another element in voice modulation that indicates cultural divergence.It is interpreted as evidence of passivity,ingorance,apathy or hesitation in the American culture.,Assignm
38、ent,Read the stories and answer the questions:(1)In 1959,Khrushchev,leader of the former Soviet Union,visited the United States.While boarding his plane to leave for the Soviet Union,he held up both of his hands,With one hand he gestured a V sign with his index finger and his middle finger,with the
39、other a fist.He meant to show his respect to the American leaders and the news reporters.The next day,this picture was published on the front page of some American newspapers.Khrushchevs gestures were interpreted by the United States as the victory of the Soviet Union over the United States,causing
40、a great political issue.,(2)Nixon,past president of the United States,once paid a visit to Brazil.While he was disembarking the plane,he made a gesture of OK,which angered and insulted the Brazilians.The American gesture of OK is considered obscene in Brazil.In the end,Nixon formally apologized to the Brazilians.Could you give more examples of gestures with different meanings?,
