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1、PaSSaRe1TRAPPINGBIRDSTheinfinitevarietyofnetsusedinthecaptureofvariousbirdsrequiresalmostachapterbyitself;butitwillsufficeforthepresentoneifwementionthosemostgenerallyused,orthemoststrikingvarieties.First,then,comestheordinaryclap-netoftheLondonandprovincialbirdcatchers.TheEdinburghEncyclopaediasays
2、,withregardtoclap-nets:Birdsarealsotakenwithnetsduringthedayandespeciallyinthoseseasonsoftheyearwhentheychangetheirsituation;inthemonthofOctober;forinstance,whenthewildbirdsbegintofly,andinMarch,whenthesmallerkindsassembleforpairing.Theyarechieflyonthewingfromdaybreaktonoon,andalwaysflyagainstthewin
3、d.Thebirdcatchers,therefore,laytheirnetstowardsthatpointtowhichthewindblows.Thenetsemployedinthiswayaregenerally12.5yardslongand2.5yardswide,andarespreadonthegroundparalleltoeachother;insuchamannerastomeetwhenturnedover.Theyareprovidedwithlines,fastenedinsuchawaythat,byasuddenpullzthebirdcatcherisab
4、letodrawthemoverthebirdsthatmayhavealightedinthespacebetweenthoseparallelsides.Inordertoenticethewildbirdstoalightamongstthenets,callbirdsareemployed,ofwhichtheremustbeoneortwoofeachofthedifferentkindswhichareexpectedtobecaught,suchasIinnetszgoldfinches,greenfinches,etc.Besidesthecallbirdsthereareot
5、hersdenominatedcagebirds.Thecallbirdsandcagebirdsaredepositedincagesatalittledistancefromthenetszandassoonastheyseeorheartheapproachofthewildbirds,whichtheyperceivelongbeforeitcanbeobservedbythebirdcatcher;theyannouncetheintelligencefromcagetocagewiththegreatestappearanceofjoandtheyproceedtoinviteth
6、emtoalightbyasuccessionofnotesorshortjerks,astheyaretermedbythebirdcatcher;whichmayoftenbeheardataconsiderabledistance.Themomentthatthecallisheardbythewildbirdstheystoptheirflightanddescendtowardsthenet,andsogreatistheascendancyandfascinationofthecallbirdsthattheycaninducetheotherstoreturnrepeatedly
7、tothenetstilleverybirdintheflockbecaught.Beingsomewhatafraidthatthisdescriptionwouldnotmeetallthepracticalrequirementsofthecase,Iinterviewedamanofknowledge.Iaskedhimtoimparthisstockofbirdcatchingknowledge,andalsotocorrectmyroughsketcheswhennecessary.Thesumandsubstanceofmyinterviewisasfollows:Thenets
8、,whichareoftwopieces,areeachabouttwelveyardslongbytwo-and-a-halfyardswide,andaremadewithathree-quartermeshofwhatistechnicallycalledtwo-thread.Thestavesateachend,towhichthenetsarepermanentlyattached,aremadeofreddeal,ferruledandjointedatthemiddle,inthemannerofafishingrod,fortheconvenienceofcarriage.Th
9、elengthofeachwhenputtogetherisaboutfivefeetsixinches,beingthusshorterthanthewidthofthenet.Thiszitwillbereadilyobserved,allowsforthebaggingofthenetanimportantparticular;as,ifthenetswerestrainedtightwithnoallowancemadeforbagging,thebirdswouldflutteralongthegrounduntiltheygotoutatoneendortheother.Asiti
10、s,theyrollthemselvesupinthemeshes,andeffectivelyentanglethemselveswhileattemptingtoescape.Astrongline,calledthetopline,passesthewholelengthofeachnet,andisprotractedsomefeetpastthestavesateitherend.Asimilarlinerunsalongthebottommadeofthree-threadorwhipthread.Thisiscalledthebottomline.Therearethentwoc
11、ordsofsomestrengthattachedtothecentreoftheso-calledforkline,calledthepullline,which,whenrequiredforuse,canbepulledbythebirdcatcher.Eightpegsareused,madeofhardwoodzgenerallyashzfourofwhicharecalledthechiefpegs.Allofthepegsarenotched,fortheconvenienceofattachingaline.Thefirstthingtobedoneistolaydownth
12、eright-handnet,andtodriveinthetwochiefpegsatthebottomofthestaves,towhichtheyareattachedbyaloopofstrongcordzactingasahinge.Thetwoendpegsarethendriveninthegroundatsomelittledistancefromandinanexactlinetothechiefpegs.Thebottomlineisthenmadefastateachend,asalsothecontinuationofthetopline.Thetwopegs,line
13、s,andstaffthusformatriangleateachend.Theothernetisthenlaidinsuchamannerthatwhenbotharepulledoveonenetshalloverlaptheothertotheextentofsixinches.Itisthenturnedbackandpeggeddowninthesamewayastheright-handnet.Exactlyinthecentreoftheforkedlinethepulllineisknotted,attheotherendofwhichthebirdcatcherstands
14、atvaryingdistances,accordingtothebirdhewishestocatch;forinstance,forlinnetsorgoldfinches,thirtytofortyyards;forstarlingsagreaterdistanceisrequired;ortocapturethesewarybirdsabetterplanistoplacethenetsinonefieldwhileyouretireintoanother;bringingthepulllinethroughaninterveninghedge.Cagescontainingbirds
15、aredispersedaboutontheouteredgesofthenets;infact,myinformantthinksthatifallthecageswereplacedagreaterdistanceawayfromthenetsitwouldbebetter;ashehasfoundthattheusualredorgreencageshavebeenthemeansofbashing,-.e.zfrighteningthewildbirdsawayfromthenets.Source:TheProjectGutenbergEBookofPracticalTbxidermy
16、7byMontaguBrowneQuestions1-5Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.1. TheclapnetisA. theonlytypeofnetusedinbirdcatching.B. exclusivelyusedincities.C. themostcommonlyusedtypeofbirdcatchingnet.D. usedtocatchonlyonetypeofbird.2. Whencatchingbirdsthataremigrating,itisimportanttonotethatthebirdsA. areintheairfr
17、omdawnuntildusk.B. consistentlyflyintheoppositedirectiontothewindcurrent.C. usuallyflytothewest.D. typicallygointhesamedirectionasthewind.3. WhenusingaclapnetzcallbirdsA. areusedwiththepurposeofencouragingwildbirdstolandonthenet.B. arealwaysofdifferentbreedstotheonesthebirdcatcherisaimingtotrap.C. c
18、anonlynumberoneortwointotal.D. areencouragedtoflyfreelyneartothenet.4. ThesuccessofthecallbirdsA. dependsonthedirectionofthewind.B. usuallyenablesthebirdcatchertocatchthewholeflockofwildbirds.C. canberepeatedmonthly.D. isincrediblyfascinatingforthewriterofthetext.5. Thewriterinterviewedabirdcatching
19、expertA. becausehedidnthaveanypreviousknowledgeofthesubject.B. togethelpwithsellinghisownclapnet.C. becausehewantedtolearnaboutthemostcommonlycaughttypesofbirds.D. inordertosupporttheinformationhe,dgainedfromhisreading.Questions6-10CompleteeachsentenceWiththecorrectending,A-G.6. Birdsarecaughtinpart
20、icularseasonsoftheyeac7. Thecallbirdsandcagebirdscansensethepresenceofwildbirds8. Ifthenetsinaclapnetwereflat,9. Whentryingtocatchmorecautioustypesofbirdsitisrecommended10. Inordernottofrightenthewildbirdsaway,A. longbeforethebirdcatcherseesthem.B. becauseitismorepracticalforthebirdcatcher.C. thatth
21、ebirdcatcherstandinadifferentfield.D. itwouldntbepossibletoopenthemafterthecatchingofthebirds.E. thebirdswouldbeabletogetoutofeachend.Ethecagebirdsshouldbeplacedfurtherfromthenets.G. especiallywhenwildbirdsflyandsmallerbirdspairup.Questions11-13Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseONEWORDONlYfromthetextf
22、oreachanswer.11. Thewriterlearnsfromthebirdcatchingexpertthatwhenbirdscaughtinaclap-nettryto,theygettangledupinthenet.12. Thepegsinaclap-netareinordertomakeiteasiertoconnectalinetothenet.13. Thechiefpegsoftheright-handnetareconnectedtothebymeansofacord.IELTSADVANTAGEIELTSAdvantagePracticeReadingTest
23、7PaSSaRe2MAGNETSAItisrelatedbyNicanderthatamongtheshepherdswhotendedtheirflocksonthesidesofMountIdawasonenamedMagnes,whonoticed,that,whiletakinghisherdstopasture,hisshepherdscrookadheredtosomeoftherocks.Fromthismansnamesomehavesupposedthenamemagnettohavebeenderived.Itis,however;generallybelievedtoha
24、vereceiveditsnamefromtheancientcityofMagnesiainAsiaMinor;nearwhichtheloadstoneormagneticsubstancewasfound.Thisrock,whichpossessestheremarkablepropertyofattractingandholdingtoitselfsmallpiecesofironorsteel,isnowknowntobeoneoftheoresofiron,andiscalledmagnetitebymineralogists.Theironischemicallycombine
25、dwithoxygen,whichforms72.5percentofitsweight.Thereisanotheroreofiron,knownashematite,whichcontainsseventypercentofiron;butthedifferenceoftwoandahalfpercentofironintheoreisenoughtomakethedifferencebetweenamagneticallyinertsubstance,andonewhichmaybeabletoliftamassofironequaltomanytimesitsownweight.BSi
26、rIsaacNewtonissaidtohaveworninafinger-ringasmallloadstoneweighingthreegrains,whichwouldliftsevenhundredandfiftygrains,whichisequaltotwohundredandfiftytimesitsownweight.ThemostpowerfulmagnetnowknownisownedbyM.ObellianeofParis.Itcanliftfortytimesitsownweight.Largepieces,however;donotsupportproportiona
27、llygreaterweights,seldommorethanoneortwotimestheirownweight.CThereareinmanyplacesintheworldimmensebedsofmagneticiron-ore.SucharetobefoundintheAdirondackregioninNorthernNewYork,andinChesterCounty,Pennsylvania.Thecelebratediron-minesofSwedenconsistofit,andinLaplandthereareseverallargemountainsofit.Itm
28、ustnotbeinferred,that,becausethemineraliscalledmagnetite,allspecimenspossessthepropertycalledmagnetism.Thelargemassesseldommanifestanysuchforce,anymorethanordinarypiecesofironorsteelmanifestit:yetanyofitwillbeattractedbyamagnetinthesamewayasironwillbe.ThemostpowerfulnativemagnetsarefoundinSiberia,an
29、dintheHartz,arangeofmountainsinNorthernGermany.DWhenapieceofthismagneticallyendowedoreisplacedinamassofiron-filings,itwillbeseenthatthefilingsadheretoitingreatestquantityupontwooppositeendsorsides,andthesearenamedthepolesofthemagnet.Ifthepiecebesuspendedbyastringsoastoturnfreelitwillinvariablycometo
30、restwiththesamepoleturnedtowardsthenorth;andthispoleisthereforecalledthenorthpoleofthemagnet,andtheactioniscalleddirectiveaction.ThisdirectiveactionwasknowntotheChinesemorethanthreethousandyearsago.IntraversingthosevaststeppesofTartarytheyemployedmagneticcars,inwhichwasthefigureofaman,whosemovable,o
31、utstretchedarmalwayspointedtothesouth.DcGilbertaffirmsthatthecompasswasbroughtfromChinatoItalyin1260,byatravellernamedPaulusVenetus.Whenapieceofhardenedsteelisrubbeduponanaturalmagnetzitacquiresthesamedirectiveproperty;and,asthesteelcouldbeeasilyshapedintoaconvenientformforuse,asteelneedlehasgeneral
32、lybeenusedfortheneedleofacompass.Thedirectivepowerofthemagnethasbeenandstillisofincalculablevaluetoallcivilizednations.Oceannavigationwouldbeimpossiblewithoutit,andterritorialboundariesarefixedbymeansofit;butthereareotherpropertiesandrelationsofamagnet,whichhavebeendiscoveredwithinthelastfiftyyears,
33、whicharedestinedtobeasimportanttomankindasthatofthecompasshasbeen.EIn1825,WilliamSturgeonofWoolwichzEngland,discoveredthatifacopperwirewerewoundaroundapieceofsoftiron,andacurrentofelectricitysentthroughthewire,thesoftironwouldbecomeamagnet,butwouldretainitsmagnetismnolongerthanwhilethecurrentofelect
34、ricitywaspassingthroughthecoil.Themagnetismdevelopedinthiswaywascalledelectro-magnetism,andtheironsowoundwascalledanelectro-magnet.Thefirstelectro-magnetwasmadebywindingbarewireuponthesoftiron.Thismethodwillnotproduceverystrongmagnets.In1830,ProfessorHenryinsulatedthewirebycoveringitwithsilkzandwast
35、hefirsttoproducepowerfulmagnets.Onasoftironbaroffifty-ninepoundsweightheusedtwenty-sixcoilsofwire,thirteenoneachleg,alljoinedtoacommonconductorbytheiroppositeends,andhavinganaggregatelengthofsevenhundredandtwenty-eightfeet.Thisapparatuswasfoundabletosustainaweightoftwenty-fivehundredpounds.Thiselect
36、ro-magnetisnowownedbyYaleCollege.FThepoweroftheelectro-magnetisenormouslygreaterthanthatofanypermanentmagnet.ApermanentmagnetmadebyJaminofParis,whichismadeupofmanystripsofthinsteelboundtogetherandweighingfourpounds,isabletosupportaweightofonehundredpounds;butDrJoulemadeanelectro-magnet,byarrangingth
37、ecoilstoadvantage,thatwouldsupportthirty-fivehundredtimesitsownweight,oronehundredandfortytimestheproportionateloadofSirIsaacNewtonsringmagnet.Source:TheTelephone-AnAccountofthePhenomenaofElectricity,Magnetism,andSound,asInvolvedinItsActionbyA.E.DolbearIELTSADVANTAGEQuestions14-18Readingpassage2has6
38、sectionsA-F.ChoosethecorrectheadingforsectionsA-DandFfromthelistOfheadingsi-ixbelow.ListofHeadingsiMagnetsareimportantforliftingweightsiiThecreationoftheelectro-magnetiiiMagnetshelpgiveusdirectionivThediscoveryofmagnetsvThelocationsofmagneticrockviThepowerofmagnetsviiHelpingsailorsfindnorthviiiWhati
39、smagneticrock?iThegreatstrengthoftheelectro-magnet14. SectionA15. SectionB16. SectionC17. SectionDExample:SectionEii18. SectionFQuestions19-22Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTOWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.19. Magneticrock,calledmagnetite,isnowknowntobeoneoftheoresofironanditsironiswithala
40、rgeproportionofoxygen.20. Justbecauseoreiscalledmagnetitewecannotassumethattherockhasthepowerofmagnetism;thelargepiecesseldomhavethepowereventhoughitisallamagnetjustasironis.21. isthetermgiventothewaymagnets/polesconsistentlypointtothesamedirection.22. Inrecentyears,discoveriesofmagnetsfurtherfeatur
41、esaredeemedtobeasthecompass.Questions23-27Matcheachquestionfromthetext(questions23-27)andthelistofpeoplebelow.Whichofthepeople(A-E)intheboxbelow.23. hadamagneticpieceofjewellery?24. discoveredelectro-magnetism?25. arrangedcoilstocreateanelectro-magnetwithsuperweight-bearingproperties?26. toldastoryt
42、hatledmanypeopletocometoconclusionsabouthowmagnetsgottheirname?27. documentedChinasdiscoveryofthecompassanditspassagetoEurope?ListofpeopleADrGilbertBWilliamSturgeonCPaulusVenetusDNicanderEDrJouIeFMagnesGSirIsaacNewtonPaSSaRe3FUNGIA-Therigidutilitarianwillhardlybesatisfiedwiththeshortcataloguewhichca
43、nbefurnishedoftheusesoffungi.Exceptingthosewhichareemployedmoreorlessforhumanfood,veryfewvarietiesoffungiareofanypracticalvalueinartsormedicine.Itistruethatimperfectconditionsoffungiexertaveryimportantinfluenceonfermentation,andthusbecomeuseful;but,unfortunatelfungihavethereputationofbeingmoredestru
44、ctiveandoffensivethanvaluableoruseful.Notwithstandingthatalargenumberofspecieshavefromtimetotimebeenenumeratedasedible,yetthosecommonlyemployedandrecognizedareveryfewinnumber;prejudiceinmanycases,andfearinothers,militatingstronglyagainstadditionstothenumber.InGreatBritainthisisespeciallythecase,andh
45、oweveradvisableitmaybetoexercisegreatcareandcautioninexperimentingonuntriedordoubtfulspecies,itcanonlyberegardedasprejudicewhichpreventsgood,infact,excellent,ediblespeciesbeingmoreextensivelyused,insteadofallowingthemtorotbythousandsonthespotswheretheyhavegrown.Poisonousspeciesarealsoplentiful,andno
46、goldenrulecanbeestablishedbymeansofwhichanyonemaydetectataglancegoodfrombad,withoutthatkindofknowledgewhichisappliedtothediscriminationofspecies.Yet,afterall,thecharactersofhalfadozengoodediblefungiareacquiredaseasilyasthedistinctionsbetweenhalfadozenbirdssuchasanyploughboycandiscriminate.B-Thecommo
47、nmushroomisthebestknownediblevariety,whetherinitsuncultivatedorinacultivatedstate.InBritain,manythousandsofpeople,notablythelowerclasses,willnotrecognizeanyotherasfitforfood,whilstinItalythesameclasseshaveastrongprejudiceagainstthisverspecies.InVienna,wefoundbypersonalexperiencethat,althoughmanyothe
48、rsareeaten,itisthiswhichhasthemostuniversalpreference,yetitappearsbutsparinglyinthemarketsascomparedwithothers.InHungary,itdoesnotenjoybyanymeanssogoodareputation.InFranceandinGermany,itisacommonarticleofconsumption.Thedifferentvarietiesfound,astheresultsofcultivation,presentsomevariationincolourand
49、otherminorfeatures,whilstremainingtruetotheconstituentcharactersofthespecies.Althoughitisnotourintentiontoenumerateherethebotanicaldistinctionsofthespeciestowhichwemaycallattention,yet,asmistakes(sometimesfatal)areoftenbeingrecorded,inwhichOtherfungiareconfoundedwiththis,wemaybepermittedahintortwowhichshouldb
