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1、PaSSaRe1Bede,sChairThiscuriousrelicispreservedinthevestryoftheancientchurchofJarrowztwomilesfromSouthShields,inthecountyofDurham.ItisalargechairofoakztraditionallysaidtohavebeentheseatoftheVENERABLEBEDE,thepre-eminentboastofthemonastery,aportiononlyofthechurchofwhichestablishmentremainsatJarrow.Thec
2、hairisverrudelyformed,and,withtheexceptionoftheback,isofgreatage.TohavebeenpossessedbyBede,itmustbeelevenhundredyearsold;butthereisnopreciselyauthentictestimonyofitsbelongingtothatlearnedwriter.TheDanesandNormansaresaidtohaveplunderedthemonasteryofallitsvaluables;thoughitisreasonabletosuppose,thatth
3、emonkswouldpreservetheseatoftheirprincipalwithmorereverentialcare,andattachtoitmoreimportance,thantheywouldtoanyotherarticleoffurniture.Mr.Fosbrokezthediligentantiquarian,referstoitasBedesChairinaccreditedmanner;thatis,astakenforgranted,orwithoutnoteorcommentofdoubt.VenerableBedewasbornatWearmouthzA
4、.D.672,onlyafewyearsaftertheintroductionofChristianityintoNorthumberland.Whensevenyearsofage,hewasreceivedintothemonasteryofhisnativeplace,wherehisinfantmindacquiredtherudimentsofthatknowledgewhichhasrenderedhismemoryimmortal.Whenonlynineteen,hewasordaineddeacon;and,evenatthatearlyage,wasregardedase
5、xemplaryforhispietyandstudiouslife:hewassubsequentlyremovedtothenewfoundationatJarrow,wherehecontinuedtostudythroughoutalonglife.Theresultsofhismonasticseclusionfurnishabrightpageeveninthesedarkages.Suchwastheauthorityofhiswritings,that,thoughonlyahumblemonkinthemostremote,barbarous,andrecentlyconve
6、rtedoftheSaxonprincipalities,heattained(whatwaseventhen)thesingularhonourofbeingthemostcelebratedwriterofChristendomformorecenturiesthanone.Hisgreatworkisentitled,anEcclesiasticalHistory/1detailingecclesiasticalwithcivilevents;whichwaszindeed,inevitable,whentheecclesiasticsweretheonlymenofknowledge.
7、Bedebelievedinmiraculousinterpositions,andhonestlyrelatedthem;nevertheless,ourobligationstohisindustryareinvaluable.TohimweoweallourknowledgeofEnglishhistory,fromthelandingoftheSaxonsinKenttohistime,(nearlythreecenturies,)andallourcertaininformationrespectingthevarioustribeswhotheninhabitedtheisland
8、:fromhimitisapparentthattheworkcalledtheSaxonChroniclecopieslongpassages.Whenonlynineteen,hewasordaineddeacon;and,evenatthatearlyage,wasregardedasexemplaryforhispietyandstudiouslife:hewassubsequentlyremovedtothenewfoundationatJarrow,wherehecontinuedtostudythroughoutalonglife.Hisworks,publishedatBasl
9、e,extendtoeightfoliovolumes.BedediedMay26,735,inthesixty-thirdyearofhisage.Hewasfirstburiedinhisownmonastery,buthisremainswereafterwardsremoved,andinterredinDurhamcathedral;and,beingsubsequentlycanonized,hewasenrolledintheRomishcalendarofsaints.HischaracteristhusdrawnbyWilliamofMaImsburyi-nHewasaman
10、,that,althoughbornintheextremecorneroftheworld,yetthelightofhislearningspreadoverallpartsoftheearth.Allthehourswhichhehadtosparefromthemonasticexercisesofprayer;andsinginginthechoirsbydayandnight,(inwhichhewasconstantandverydevout,)hemostdiligentlyspentinstudy,anddividedhiswholetimebetweenthatandhis
11、devotions.TheChairisnottheonlymemorialofBedepreservedinthisneighbourhood.AboutonemilewestofJarrowisaWell,stillcalledSt.Bede,sttowhichitwascustomary,almostaslateasthemiddleofthelastcenturtoconveydiseasedchildren,and,afterdroppinginacrookedpin,todipthemfortherecoveryoftheirhealth:roundtheWell,also,one
12、veryMidsummerEve,wasagreatresortoftheneighbouringpeople,withbonfires,music,anddancing.ThemysticalpropertiesoftheWellarenotofdifficultsolution:sinceitwasreasonableenoughtoassociatetherestorativeeffectsofcoldbathingwithsanctity;andtherejoicingsatthespringwereindicativeofthegladnessofthepeople,inconnec
13、tionwithanameendearedtothem,bythewisdom,virtue,andbenevolence,ofitspossessorSource:TheMirrorofLiterature,Amusement,andInstruction,No.583Volume20Questions1-4Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.1. Bede,schaircanbefoun
14、dattheremainsofachurchinJarrowzitisalargeseatconstructedof2. Bede,sChairisoldand,apartfromthebackofthechairwhichisrelativelynew.3. ItisthoughtthattheDanesandNormansstoleallthefromthemonastery.4. Attheearlyageofnineteen,BedebeforemovingtoaneworderinJarrowwherehecontinuedhisstudiesuntilhedied.Question
15、s5-8CompleteeachsentencewiththecorrectendingA-Gfromtheboxbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Ginboxes5-8onyouranswersheet.NBnotallletterswillbeused.5. Itisnotunreasonabletobelievethat.6. Bedewasreceivedbyhislocalmonastery.7. ThankstoBedewe.O.AfterbeingburiedfirstlyatJarrow.A. Bedewasaverycleverman.B. whenh
16、ewasonlysevenyearsold.C. canvisitthechairatJarrow.D. inMayofthefollowingyear.E. Bede/sbodywasrelocatedtoDurham.F. themonksvaluedBedezschairabovealloftheotherpiecesoffurniture.G. knowalotmoreaboutthehistoryofBritain.Questions9-13Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeacha
17、nswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheetInJarrowandthesurroundingarea,thereistothisday,another9ofBede.ThereisaWell,knowasSt.Bedesandlocated10ofJarrow.Upuntilthemiddleofthelastcentury,11weretakentotheWellwhereitwasbelievedadipinthewaterwouldbegoodfortheirhealth.TheWellwasalsoasiteforthe12to
18、gettogetherandcelebrate1eachyearwithpartiesandbonfires.Passage2GROWTHANDCHANGEThecaterpillardiffersmarkedlyfromthebutterfly.Aswepursueourstudiesofinsectgrowthandtransformationweshallfindthatinsomecasesthedifferencebetweenyoungandadultismuchgreaterasforexamplebetweenthemaggotandthehouse-flinothersfar
19、lessasbetweentheyoungandfull-growngrasshopperorplant-bug.Itisevidentlywisetobeginageneralsurveyofthesubjectwithsomeofthosesimplercasesinwhichthedifferencesbetweentheyoungandadultinsectarecomparativelyslight.Weshallthenbeinapositiontounderstandbetterthemeaningofthemorepuzzlingandcomplexcasesinwhichth
20、edifferencesbetweenthestagesareprofound.Inthefirstplaceitisnecessarytorealisethatthechangeswhichanyinsectpassesthroughduringitslife-storyareessentiallyaccompanimentsofitsgrowth.Thelimitsofthislittlebookallowonlyslightreferencetofeaturesofinternalstructure;wemustbecontent,inthemain,todealwiththeoutwa
21、rdform.Butthereisanimportantrelationbetweenthisoutwardformandtheunderlyinglivingtissueswhichmustbeclearlyunderstood.Throughoutthegreatraceofanimals-theArthropocla-ofwhichinsectsformaclass,thebodyiscoveredoutwardlybyacuticleorsecretionoftheunderlyinglayeroflivingcellswhichformtheouterskinorepidermis)
22、.Thiscuticlehasregionswhicharehardandfirm,forminganexoskeleton,and,betweenthese,areaswhicharerelativelysoftandflexible.Thefirmregionsarecommonlysegmentalintheirarrangement,andtheinterveningflexibleconnectionsrenderpossibleaccuratemotionsoftheeoskeletalpartsinrelationtoeachother;themotionsbeingduetot
23、hecontractionofmuscleswhichareattachedwithintheexoskeleton.Thetermhypodermisfrequentlyappliedtothislayerismisleading.Thelayeristhetrueouterskinectodermorepidermis.Nowthisjointedexoskeletonanadmirablyformedsuitofarmourthoughitoftenishasonedrawback:itisnotpartoftheinsectslivingtissues.Itisacuticleform
24、edbythesolidifyingofafluidsecretedbytheepidermalcells,thereforewithoutlife,withoutthepowerofgrowth,andwithonlyalimitedcapacityforstretching.Itfollows,therefore,thatatleastduringtheperiodthroughwhichtheinsectcontinuestogrow,thecuticlemustbeperiodicallyshed.Thusinthelife-storyofaninsectorotherarthropo
25、d,suchasalobster;aspiderzoracentipede,theremustbeasuccessionofcuticle-castings,moultsorecdysesastheyareoftencalled.Whensuchamoultisabouttotakeplacethecuticleseparatesfromtheunderlyingepidermis,andafluidcollectsbeneath.Adelicatenewcuticleisthenformedincontactwiththeepidermis,andtheoldcuticleopens,usu
26、allywithaslitlengthwisealongtheback,toallowtheinsectinitsnewcoattoemerge.Atfirstthisnewcoatisthinandflabby,butafteraperiodofexposuretotheairithardensanddarkens,becomingaworthyandlargersuccessortothatwhichhasbeencast.Thecuticlemoreoverisbynomeanswhollyexternal.Thegreaterpartofthedigestivecanalandthew
27、holeair-tubesystemareformedbyinpushingsoftheouterskin(ectoderm)andareconsequentlylinedwithanextensionofthechitinouscuticlewhichisshedandrenewedateverymoult.Inallinsectsthesesuccessivemoultstendtobeassociatedwithchangeofform,sometimesslight,sometimesverygreat.Thenewcuticleisrarelyanexactreproductiono
28、ftheoldone,itexhibitssomenewfeatures,whichareoftenindicationsoftheinsectsapproachtowardsmaturity.EveninsomeofthoseinterestingandprimitiveinsectstheBristle-tails(Thysanura)andSpring-tails(Collembola),inwhichwingsareneverdeveloped,perceptibledifferencesintheformandarrangementoftheabdominallimbscanbetr
29、acedthroughthesuccessivestages,asR.HeymonsandK.W.VerhoeffhaveshownforMachilis.Butthechangesundergonebysuchinsectsarecomparativelysoslight,thatthecreaturesareoftenknownasAmetabolaorinsectswithouttransformationinthelife-history.Nowthereareaconsiderablenumberofwingedinsectscockroachesandgrasshoppersfor
30、exampleinwhichtheobservablechangesarealsocomparativelyslight.Wewillsketchbrieflythemainfeaturesofthelife-storyofsuchaninsect.Theyoungcreatureishatchedfromtheegginaformcloselyresembling,onthewhole,thatofitsparent,sothatthetermminiatureadultsometimesappliedtoit,isnotinappropriate.Thebabycockroachiskno
31、wnbyitsflattenedbody,roundedprothorax,andstiff,jointedtail-feelersorcercopods;thebabygrasshopperbyitsstrong,elongatehind-legs,adapted,likethoseoftheadultzforvigorousleaping.Duringthegrowthoftheinsecttotheadultstatetheremaybefourorfivemoults,eachprecededandsucceededbyacharacteristicinstar.Thefirstins
32、tardiffers,however;fromtheadultinoneconspicuousandnoteworthyfeature,itpossessesnotraceofwings.Butafterthefirstorthesecondmoult,definitewing-rudimentsarevisibleintheformofoutgrowthsonthecornersofthesecondandthirdthoracicsegments.Ineachsucceedinginstartheserudimentsbecomemoreprominent,andinthefourthor
33、thefifthstage,theyshowabranchingarrangementofair-tubeszprefiguringthenervuresoftheadultswing.Afterthelastmoultthewingsareexposed,articulatedtothesegmentsthatbearthem,andcapableofmotion.Havingbeenformedbeneaththecuticleofthewing-rudimentsofthepenultimateinstathewingsarenecessarilyabbreviatedandcrumpl
34、ed.Butduringtheprocessofhardeningofthecuticleztheyrapidlyincreaseinsize,bloodandairbeingforcedthroughthenervures,sothatthewingsattainingtheirfullexpanseandfirmness,becomesuitedforthefunctionofflight.Theconvenientterm,instar,hasbeenproposedbyFischerandadvocatedbySharpfortheformassumedbyaninsectduring
35、astageofitslife-story.Thusthecreatureashatchedfromtheeggisthefirstinstar,afterthefirstmoultithasbecomethesecondinstar;andsoon,thenumberofmoultsbeingalwaysonelessthanthenumberofinstars.Source:TheLife-StoryofInsectsbyAuthor:Geo.H.CarpenterQuestions14-18ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassagetoanswert
36、hequestionsbelow.Writeyouranswers14-18ontheanswersheet.14. Insectsformwhichclassofanimals?15. Themaindisadvantageoftheexoskeletonisthatitisnotpartoftheinsectswhat?16. zMouItszorzecdyes,refertothesheddingofwhichpartoftheinsect?17. Whenamoultisabouttohappen,whatdoesthecuticleseparatefrom?18. Whatemerg
37、esfromtheopeningalongtheinsectsback?Questions19-22Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes19-22onyouranswersheetWhentheinsectfirstemergesfromamoult,itsnewskinis19howeveraftersometimeintheairitbecomesharderanddarkerincolourandtheinsectstart
38、stolookmorelikeitspredecessoronlybigger.Thedigestivecanalandtheair-tubesystemsarecreatedasthe2Oorectodermpushesinwardandasaresultarecoatedwithanextendedchitinouscuticle.Atevery21thischitinouscuticleis22.Questions23-26Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinpassage2?Yesifthestatementag
39、reeswiththeclaimsofthewriterNoifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNotGivenifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis23. Insects smaller.havinghatchedfromtheireggsaresimilarinappearancetotheadultzjust24. Eachinsectundergoesatleastfivechangesbeforebecominganadult.25. Duringthefirststag
40、eofthegrowthitisimpossibletoseetheinsectswings.26. Atthefinalstageinsectshavetolearntoflywiththeirnewwings.PaSSaRe3VESALIUSParagraphA-TheauthorityofGalen,atonceadespotismandareligion,wasscarcelyevercalledinquestionuntilthesixteenthcentury.Noattemptworthrecordingwasmadeduringthirteenhundredyearstoext
41、endtheboundaryofscientificknowledgeinanatomyandphysiology.Itistruethatthescholasticphilosopher;AlbertusMagnuszwhowasforashorttime(1260-1262)BishopofRatisbon,inthemiddleofthethirteenthcenturywroteaHistoryofAnimals/whichwasaremarkableproductionfortheageinwhichhelived;althoughSirThomasBrowne,inhisfamou
42、sEnquiriesintoCommonErrors,speaksoftheseTractatesasrequiringtobereceivedwithcautionzaddingasregardsAlbertusthathewasamanwhomuchadvancedtheseopinionsbytheauthoritieofhisname,anddeliveredmostconceits,withStricktenquirieintofew.ParagraphB-Asregardshumananatomy,itwasconsidered,duringtheMiddleAgesztobeim
43、pietytotouchwithascalpelthedeadimageofGod,asmansbodywascalled.MundinusztheprofessorofmedicineatBolognafrom1315to1318,wasthefirsttoattemptanysuchthing.Heexhibitedthepublicdissectionofthreebodies,butbythiscreatedsogreatascandalthathegaveupthepractice,andcontentedhimselfwithpublishingawork,DeAnatome/wh
44、ichformedasortofcommentaryonGalen.Thiswork,withadditions,continuedtobethetext-bookoftheschoolsuntilthetimeofVesaliuszwhofoundedthestudyofanatomyasnowadayspursued.ParagraphC-AndreasVesaliuswasbornatBrussels,onthelastdayoftheyear1514zofafamilywhichforseveralgenerationshadbeeneminentformedicalattainmen
45、ts.HewassentasaboytoLouvain,wherehespentthegreaterpartofhisleisureinresearchesintothemechanismoftheloweranimals.Hewasaborndissector;who,aftercarefulexamination,inhisearlydays,ofrats,moles,dogs,cats,monkeyszandtheIikezcame,inafter-life,tobedissatisfiedwithanylessknowledgeoftheanatomyofman.ParagraphD-
46、Heacquiredgreatproficiencyinthescholarshipoftheday.IndeedtheLatin,inwhichheafterwardswrotehisgreatwork,issosingularlypurethatoneofhisdetractorspretendedthatVesaliusmusthavegotsomegoodscholartowritetheLatinforhim.Latinwasnottheonlylanguageinwhichhewasproficient;headdedGreekandArabictohisotheraccompli
47、shments,andthisforthepurposeofreadingthegreatbiologicalworksinthelanguagesinwhichtheywereoriginallywritten.FromLouvaintheyouthwenttoParis,wherehestudiedanatomyunderamostdistinguishedphysician,Sylvius.ItwasthepracticeofthatillustriousprofessortoreadtohisclassGalenontheUseofParts,omittingnearlyallthes
48、ectionswhereexactknowledgeofanatomicaldetailwasnecessary.Sometimesanattemptwasmadetoillustratethelecturebythedissectionofadog,butsuchillustrationmoreoftenexposedtheprofessorsignorancethanitaddedtothestudentsknowledge.Indirectly,however;itdidgood,forwheneverSylvius,afterhavingtriedinvaintodemonstrate
49、somemuscle,ornerve,orvein,lefttheroom,hispupilVesaliusslippeddowntothetable,dissectedoutthepartwithgreatneatness,andtriumphantlycalledtheprofessorsattentiontoitonhisreturn.ParagraphE-BesidesstudyingunderSylvius,VesaliushadforhisteacheratParisthefamousWinter;OfAndernachzwhowasphysiciantoFrancisI.Thislearnedman,inaworkpublishedthreeyearsafterthisperiod,sp
