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1、IELTSADVANTAGEShortAnswerQuestionsStrategyPracticeAustraliaswindenergyresourcesWindisavastpotentialsourceofrenewableenergy.Windsaregeneratedbycomplexmechanismsinvolvingtherotationoftheearth,theheatcapacityofthesun,thecoolingeffectoftheoceansandpolaricecaps,temperaturegradientsbetweenlandandsea,andth
2、ephysicaleffectsofmountainsandotherobstacles.Windenergyisgeneratedbyconvertingwindcurrentsintootherformsofenergyusingawindturbine.Turbinesextractenergyfromthepassingairbyconvertingkineticenergyfromrotationalmovementviaarotor.Theeffectivenessofthisconversionatanygivensiteiscommonlymeasuredbyitsenergy
3、densityor,alternatively,asacapacityfactor.Windenergyisprimarilyusedforelectricitygeneration,bothonsiteandfortransporttothegrid.Windenergyisalsousedtopumpborewater,particularlyinruralareas.Thewindenergyindustryisthefastestgrowingrenewableenergysourceinmanycountriesandisexpectedtocontinuetogrowrapidly
4、overtheperiodto2030.ProductionofwindenergyislargelyconcentratedinEuropeandtheUnitedStates.However,therehasalsobeenrapidgrowthinthewindenergyindustriesinChinaandIndia.TheworldswindenergyresourceisestimatedtobeaboutonemillionGWfortotallandcoverage.Assumingonly1percentoftheareaisutilisedandallowanceism
5、adeforthelowerloadfactorsofwindplants,thewindenergypotentialwouldcorrespondtoaroundtheworldtotalelectricitygenerationcapacity.Thewindiestareasaretypicallycoastalregionsofcontinentsatmid-tohighlatitudesandinmountainousregions.Locationswiththehighestwindenergypotentialincludethewesterlywindbeltsbetwee
6、nlatitudes35oand50o.ThisincludesthecoastalregionsofwesternandsouthernAustralia,NewZealand,southernSouthAmerica,andSouthAfricainthesouthernhemisphere,andnorthernandwesternEurope,andthenortheasternandwesterncoastsoftheUnitedStates.Theseregionsaregenerallycharacterisedbyhigh,relativelyconstantwindcondi
7、tions,withaveragewindspeedsinexcessof6metrespersecond(ms)and,inplaces,morethan9ms.Regionswithhighwindenergypotentialarecharacterisedby: highaveragewindspeeds; windsthatareeitherconstantorcoincidingwithpeakenergyconsumptionperiods(duringthedayorevening); proximitytoamajorenergyconsumptionregion;IELTS
8、ADVANTAGEShortAnswerQuestionsStrategyPractice smoothlandscape,whichincreaseswindspeeds,andreducesthemechanicalstressonwindturbinecomponentsthatresultsfromvariableandturbulentwindconditionsassociatedwithroughlandscape.Becauseofwindvariability,theenergydensityatapotentialsite-commonlydescribedasitscap
9、acityfactor-isgenerallyintherangeof20-40percent.Whilethemajorityofareasinlocationsconvenientforelectricitytransfertothegridarelocatedonshore,offshoresiteshavealsobeenidentifiedashavingsignificantpotentialforwindenergy,bothtotakeadvantageofincreasedwindspeedsandtoincreasethenumberofavailablesites.Off
10、shorelocationsalsohelpreduceturbulenceand,hence,stressonmachinecomponents.TherehavebeenwindturbinesdeployedinshallowseasoffnorthernEuropeformorethanadecade.Offshoresitesareexpectedtomakeanincreasinglysignificantcontributiontoelectricitygenerationinsomecountries,notablyinEuropebecauseinEuropethereare
11、increasingdifficultiesingainingaccesstoonshoresites.Australiahassomeofthebestwindresourcesintheworld.Australiaswindenergyresourcesarelocatedmainlyinthesouthernpartsofthecontinent(whichlieinthepathofthewesterlywindflowknownastheroaring40s)andreachamaximumaroundBassStrait.Thelargestwindresourceisgener
12、atedbythepassageoflowpressureandassociatedfrontalsystems,whosenortherlyextentandinfluencedependsonthesizeofthefrontalsystem.WindsinnorthernAustraliaarepredominantlygeneratedbythemonsoonandtradewindsystems.Large-scaletopographysuchastheGreatDividingRangeineasternAustraliaexertsignificantsteeringeffec
13、tsonthewinds,channellingthemthroughmajorvalleysordeflectingorblockingthemfromotherareas.DeflectionofweakerfrontsfromfrontalrefractionaroundtherangesoftheDivideinsoutheasternAustraliacreateswindswithasoutherlycomponent(southerlybusters,)alongtheeastcoast.Inadditiontotherefractionsbytopographyandheatl
14、owsovernorthernAustralia,othermajorfactorsinfluencingwindresourcesareseasonalanddiurnalvariationinwindspeed.WindsarestrongestinwinterandspringinwesternandsouthernAustraliabutthemonthlybehaviourdiffersfromregiontoregion.Variationsinaveragemonthlywindspeedofupto15-20percentoverthelongtermannualaverage
15、arenotuncommon.Theremaybesimilardailyvariationsatindividuallocations,withincreasedwindspeedsintheafternoon.Meso-scalemapsshowthatAustraliasgreatestwindpotentialliesinthecoastalregionsofwestern,south-western,southernandsouth-easternAustralia.Coastalregionswithhighwindresources(windspeedsabove7.5ms)in
16、cludethewestcoastsouthofSharkBaytoCapeLeeuwin,alongtheGreatAustralianBightandtheEyrePeninsulainSouthAustralia,towesternVictoriaandthewestcoastofTasmania.GoodwindresourcesextendhundredsofkilometresinlandandmanyofAustraliaswindfarms(currentandplanned)arelocatedsomedistancefromthecoast.InlandIELTSADVAN
17、TAGEShortAnswerQuestionsStrategyPracticeregionsofWesternAustralia,SouthAustraliaandwesternVictoriaallhavegoodwindresources.AreaswithhighwindpotentialalsoliealongthehigherexposedpartsoftheGreatDividingRangeinsouth-easternAustralia,suchastheSouthernHighlandsandNewEnglandareas.Source:http:Www.qa.qov.au
18、scientific-topicsenerqvresourcesOther-renewable-enerqvresoUrCeS/wind-enerqvQuestions1-10ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassagetoanswerthequestionsbelow.1. Whatinstrumentisusedtotransformwindintheatmosphereintoenergyofdifferentkinds?2. Aswellasbeingusedtoproduceelectricity,whatotherresourcecanwindp
19、owerbeusedtoobtain?3. ApartfromEuropeandtheUSA,whereelsehasthewindenergybusinessseensignificantexpansion?4. Aswellascoastalareas,whatotherkindoflandscapeissaidtonormallybethewindiestintheworld?5. Thenortheasternandwesterncoastsofwhichcountryaresaidtobeitswindiestcoasts?6. Inordertobeclassifiedashavi
20、ngahighpotentialforwindenergygeneration,asitemustbeclosetoaregionwithwhat?7. Whenwindpassesoverlandthatisnotsmooth,whatnegativeimpactdoesithaveonthecomponentsusedinwindturbines?8. WhatkindofsiteforwindenergygenerationislikelytobecomemuchmoreimportantinthefutureinEuropebecauseaccesstositesonlandisbec
21、omingmoredifficult?9. Inwhatregionisthemonsoonsaidtobeasignificantfactorintheformationofwinds?10. Duringwhatpartofthedayarewindssaidtobenormallystrongest?IELTSADVANTAGEShortAnswerQuestionsStrategyPracticeAnswerKey:Answerguidancevideo:https:WWWJoO1. (a)(wind)turbine2. (bore)waterExtrainfo-para2Extrai
22、nfo-para2Extra info- para 3Extra info- para 5Extra info- para 5Extra info- para 6Extra info- para 6Extra info- para 7Extra info- para 8Extra info- para 9(NOTE:theanswertothisquestioncannotbepumpborewater,becausepumpisaverbinthiscontext,andwhattsrequiredisaresource,whichhastobeanoun,notaverb.)3. India(and)China4. mountainous(regions)5. (the)UnitedStates6. majorenergyconsumption7. mechanicalstress8. offshore(sites)9. northernAustralia10. (in)(the)afternoon
