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1、美国名人瑟古德马歇尔ThurgoodMarshallplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-14:46repeatByPaulThompson2004-5-15(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisisGwenOuten.VOICETWO:AndthisisDougJohnsonwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.EveryweekwetellaboutapersonwhowasimportantinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.Todaywetellaboutamanwhohelpedchangetherac
2、ialseparationlawsofAmerica,ThurgoodMarshall.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThurgoodMarshallwasbornafreeman.Butthefatherofhisgrandfatherwasaslave.HehadlivedinwhatwastheCongoareaofAfrica.AmanfromtheeasternAmericancityofBaltimore,Maryland,broughthimtotheUnitedStates.Helatersethimfree.ThurgoodMarshallwasborninBaltimor
3、eonJulySecond,Nineteen-Oh-Eight.InthatdtyzandinmanyotherpartsoftheUnitedStatesatthattime,blackpeoplewereseparatedfromwhitepeoplebylaw.Blackchildrendidnotgotoschoolwithwhitechildren.Blackpeoplelivedonlyinareaswhereotherblackslived.VOICETWO:Overtheyears,ThurgoodMarshallbecameaverygoodstory-teller.Heto
4、ldstoriesabouthimselfzoraboutplaceshehadvisited.Often,thestorieswerefunny.Butmostalsohadaseriousmessage.OnestorywasaboutbeingintroublewithhisteacherswhenhewasaboyinBaltimore.MisterMarshallsaidoneofhisteacherspunishedhimbysendinghimtotheroomwheretheschoolsheatingequipmentwaskept.Therehewastoldtoreada
5、ndrememberthewordsoftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.TheConstitutionisalongdocument.ThurgoodMarshallsaidhereadallofit.morethanonce.andlearnedtoremembermostofit.Hesaidthisschoolboypunishmentgavehimalife-longrespectfortheConstitution.Ashegrewolder,hebegantothinkabouttheConstitutionsguaranteesoffreedom
6、.Thoseguarantees,hebelieved,shouldbeforpeopleofallraces,notjustforwhitepeople.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThurgoodMarshallattendedLincolnUniversityinthestateofPennsylvania.Hecompletedhisstudies,withhonors,innineteen-thirty.HewantedtogotolawschoolattheUniversityofMaryland.Butofficialsatthatschoolrefusedtolethima
7、ttend,becausehewasblack.SozhewenttolawschoolatHowardUniversityinWashingtonD.C.HowardUniversitywasaschoolforAfrican-Americans.ThurgoodMarshallgraduatedfirstinhisclass.Aftercompletinghislawstudies,heacceptedthecaseofayoungblackmanwhowantedtobecomealawyer,too.TheyoungmanwantedtoattendtheUniversityofMar
8、ylandlawschool.ItwasthesameschoolthathadrefusedtoadmitThurgoodMarshall.Again,theschoolrefusedtoletablackmanbecomeastudent.SozMisterMarshalltooklegalaction.Hewonthecase.Theyoungblackmanwaspermittedtoattendtheuniversityslawschool.ThurgoodMarshallwouldgoontowinmanymorecasesdealingwithracialseparationla
9、ws.Andyearslater,theUniversityofMarylandwouldnameitslawlibraryinhishonor.VOICETWO:ThurgoodMarshallwasaverygoodlawyer.Thepeopleherepresentedincourtwereblackandpoor.Heneverearnedmuchmoney.Buthisnamesoonbecamewellknown.TheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeopleofferedhimajob.Hewenttoworkaso
10、neofitslegalrepresentatives.Intime,hebecametheorganizationschieflegalrepresentative.HetraveledacrosstheUnitedStates.Hefoughtagainstracialseparationlaws.Healsodefendedblackpeoplewhowerechargedwithacrime,butwhodidnothavethemoneytopayforlegalhelp.ManyofthosecasesreachedAmericashighestcourt,theSupremeCo
11、urtoftheUnitedStates.Duringhislifeasalawyer,ThurgoodMarshallarguedcasesbeforetheSupremeCourtmorethanthirtytimes.Helostonlyafewcases.Slowly,thelawsofracialseparationinAmericabegantochange.ManyofthosechangesweretheresultoftheworkofThurgoodMarshall.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:1.egalexpertssaythatThurgoodMarshallsm
12、ostimportantcasewastheoneknownasBrownversusBoardofEducation.ThecaseinvolvedthecityofTopekainthemiddlewesternstateofKansas.Alawtheresaidthathavingseparateschoolsforblackstudentsandwhitestudentswaslegal,iftheschoolswerethesame.Itwastheideaofseparatebutequal.Buttheschoolswerenotequal.Whitechildrenrecei
13、vedabettereducationthanblackchildren.ThurgoodMarshallagreedtoarguethecasebeforetheSupremeCourt.Whennewspapersreportedthis,hebegangettingmessages,threateninghimwithdeath.Othercivilrightslawyerssaidhewasmovingtooquickly.TheysaidadefeatintheBrowncasewouldgreatlydamagethecauseofcivilrights.Theytoldhimto
14、wait,tomovemorecarefullyandslowly.VOICETWO:ThurgoodMarshalldidnotlistentothethreatsagainsthislife.Andhedidnotlistentothosewhosaidheshouldmovemoreslowly.TheSupremeCourtheardthecaseinnineteen-fifty-four.MisterMarshallsaiditwasaviolationoftheConstitutiontoseparatepeoplebecauseoftheirrace.So,heargued,th
15、eracially-separatedschoolsinTopekazKansas,wereillegal.Headdedthatnothingcouldbeequalinracially-separatedschools.OneSupremeCourtjusticeaskedhimtoexplainwhathemeantbythewordequal.Heanswered:Equalmeansgettingthesamethingzatthesametimezandinthesameplace.TheSupremeCourtagreed.Itruledthatnoonecouldberejec
16、tedfromaschoolinTopekabecauseofrace.VOICEONE:ThecaseofBrownversusBoardofEducationprovidedthebasisforothercourtdecisions.IthelpeddestroytheterriblewalloflegalracialseparationthroughouttheUnitedStates.SomepeoplesayitisthemostimportantSupremeCourtdecisionoftheTwentiethcentury.Thatdecisionwasthebeginnin
17、gofyearsoflegalbattlesagainstracialseparationinAmericasschools.ItalsosentamessagetothepeopleofthenationthatblackAmericanshadthesamerightsaswhiteAmericans.ManyAfrican-AmericanssaidMisterMarshallsvictoryinnineteen-fifty-fourchangedtheirlivesandtheirfutures.Forexample,ShermanParksistheformerpresidentof
18、theschoolboardofTopekazKansas.Hesaidthatwithoutthevictoryhewouldneverhavehadachancetogetagoodeducationandbecomealawyer.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Innineteen-sixty-onezPresidentJohnKennedynamedThurgoodMarshalltobeajudgeofafederalappealscourt.Duringhisyearsonthatcourt,JudgeMarshallwrotemorethanone-hundredopinion
19、sondifferentlegalissues.SeveralofhisopinionsfromthosedayshavebeenapprovedaslawbyamajorityoftheSupremeCourt.Innineteen-sity-sevenzPresidentLyndonJohnsonnominatedThurgoodMarshalltotheSupremeCourt.PresidentJohnsonsaidthenominationwastherightthingtodo,andtherighttimetodoit.ThurgoodMarshallbecamethefirst
20、blackpersontoserveasaSupremeCourtJustice.Heservedfortwenty-fouryears.JusticeMarshallwroteopinionsaboutlegalrepresentationinAmericascriminaljusticesystem.Hesaideveryonehastherighttoberepresentedbyagoodlawyer,nomatterhowguiltytheymaybe.InhislastyearsontheSupremeCourt,heoftenvotedagainstthemajorityofth
21、emoreconservativemembers.JusticeMarshallalwaysvotedindissentincasesinwhichthemajorityvotedthatadeathsentencewaslegal.Hesaidnooneshouldbeputtodeathforanyreason.VOICEONE:Innineteen-ninety-onezThurgoodMarshallannouncedthathewouldretirefromtheSupremeCourt.Somereportssaidhenolongerwantedtofightagainstthe
22、conservativemajorityofthecourt.Atanewsconference,areporteraskedhimwhyhewasretiring.JusticeMarshalllookedatthemanandsaid,simply:Iamgettingoldandcomingapart.AnotherreporteraskedJusticeMarshallhowhewouldliketoberemembered.Hesatquietlyforamoment.ThenThurgoodMarshallsaid:IwanttoberememberedfordoingthebestIcouldwithwhatIhad.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyPaulThompson.ItwasproducedbyLawanDavis.AndourstudioengineerwasTonyPollock.ThisisDougJohnson.VOICEONE:AndthisisGwenOuten.ListenagainnextweekforPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.
