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1、我着迷于偶然进入动物们的mfascinatedbytheglimpseswesometimesget藏身处所时不经意的一瞥intoananimalshiddenworld.多年来我找到各种偷♥窥♥进去的方法Overtheyears,vefounddifferentwaystopeerinside.常言到如果你想了解一个人就走进他的家看看Theysay,ifyouwanttounderstandpeople,lookintheirhouses.我想这在野生动物身上同样适用Ithinkthesamemaybetrueforwildlife.我从未被邀请过veneverb
2、eeninvitedin有时甚至一点也不受欢迎and,onoccasions,venotbeenentirelywelcome.我觉得它的意思很清楚哦天呐！Ithinkthatwasprettyclear.Oh,dear!尽管有时不顺利我还是见过技术熟练的建筑者Despitesetbacks,veseenskilledbuilders.我也发现了擅占住房♥者和窃贼vediscoveredsquattersandburglars.我还注意到了内部装饰物Ivenoticedinteriordecoration.我也找到了贮藏室和空调装置Ivefoundstoreroomsandair
3、conditioning甚至成套的卫生间andevenen-suitebathrooms.我参观过动物城市Ivevisitedanimalcities和巨大的群体andhugecommunities.野生的操持家务者是很特别的生物Wildhomemakersarespecialcreatures,它们和我们样尽力地想与外来生物隔开morelikeus,tryingtokeepoutthewilderwildlife.偷♥窥♥进一个动物的家就能了解很多关于它们的事情Peeringintoananimalshousecantellyousomuchaboutthem.这
4、是窥探它们私生活的一个窗口Ifsawindowintotheirprivatedramas能了解它们鲜为人知的亲密故事andtheintimatestorieswerarelysee.动物建筑师我们大多数都是室内居住的Mostofusareindoorcreatures.房♥子结束:了我们的野生生涯Houseshaveendedourwilddays.然而我们忘记了动物造的房♥子比我们还多Yet,weforgetthatanimalsbuildmanymorehousesthanwedo.它们造房♥子的历史也比我们长得多Andtheyvebeendoi
5、ngitformuchlonger.我们以为只有我们自己创造了房♥屋建造材料Wethinkwealoneinventedbuildingmaterials,但实际上动物们也能做到butanimalshavedoneso,aswell.扩大到我们的比例白蚁土丘相当于一公里半高Scaleduptooursize,termitemoundswouldbealmostamilehigh.动物们有审美眼光Animalshaveaneyeforbeauty我们也一样andsodowe.我们的家展现很多我们的个性Ourhomesrevealalotaboutus,但这是关于动物的故事butth
6、isistheanimalsstory.在北美居住着世界上InNorthAmericalivesprobablythemostambitious最具野心的建筑者animalbuilderintheworld.距陶河面一公里半左右的河堤上居住着河狸一家Uptoamileorsoofriveristakenoverbyasinglefamilyofbeavers.水坝拦住流水淹没四周Damsfloodthelandscape,creatingponds创造了遍布四野的池塘和沟渠andcanalsthatcovermanyacres.中心就是它们的巢穴Atthecentreistheirlodge-
7、一个护城渠围绕着坚固的城♥堡♥adefensivemoatsurroundsasturdycastle,由非常坚固的材料筑成madeofseriousbuildingmaterials.河狸可以在一、两个小时内咬断棵树Abeavercangnawthroughatreeinanhourortwo.它通常在中途停下让风去完成剩下的Heoftenstopshalfwayandletsthewinddotherest.它的牙齿因为有铁质加固而变成了桔色Histeetharereinforcedwithiron,whichturnsthemorange.每天牙齿都要磨损一亳
8、米Theteethweardownamillimetreaday,但生长的速度是我们指甲的十倍butgrowtentimesfasterthanourfingernails.在陆地上即便是一米长的圆木也难以挪动Evenmetrelengthsaretooheavytodragoverland,不过有水漫过的地方河狸可以轻易地移♥动♥圆木butbyfloodingthearea,thebeaverscaneasilymovethelogs.河堤需要50吨♥木头能有几百米长Eachdamneedsabout50tonsandcanbehundredsofm
9、etreslong.泥是用于封住漏洞的Mudisusedtosealanyleaks.要为冬天做好一切准备Everythinghastobereadyforwinter.对于河狸来说每年这时大多数都已经离开Ofthebeaver,sruralCOmmUnity,mosthaveleftorarehidden,或者隐藏起来足不出户housebound,atthistimeofyear.识别J出河狸的巢穴唯一的迹像就是从小烟囱Theonlysignisarippleofheatfromachimney,冒出的一小团蒸汽identifyingthebeavers,lodge.在洞内专用摄像机拍到了新
10、生儿InSide,specialcamerasrevealnewyoung,出生得很早多亏有由泥土和麦秆bornearly,thankstotheprotectionofmetre-thickwalls,筑成的一米厚的墙sealedwithmudandstraw.外面气温已经零下20度了这里还没有结冰Itsbeenminus20outsideandstilldidntfreezeinhere.烟囱开着现在有点太热了Thechimneyisopen,asnowitgetstoohot.进来和出去的必经之路Theonlywayinandout就是得通过游到水里但这难不倒麝鼠istoswimunde
11、rwater,butthatdoesntdiscourageamuskrat.田鼠、老鼠和昆虫也把这里当成避难所Voles,miceandinsectsalsofindrefugehere.这个小屋已经有了住客Thelodgehaslodgers.我们从没见过户主拒绝过麝鼠Weneversawthelandlordsobjecttothemuskrat,它们对镜头可就没那么客气whichismorethancanbesaidforthecameras,它们很快就挡住了镜头whichtheysooncensored!在室外无家可归和流浪的动物Outside,theitinerantandtheh
12、omeless定期望着它们能够待在温暖而安全的地方mustwishtheyweresomewheresafeandwarm.坚固的墙和位于水下的门Solidwallsandunderwaterdoors不是唯一的阻止外来者的途径arenottheonlywaystotryandkeeptheoutsideout.草原犬鼠居住在地下叫做犬城的一个聚居区Prairiedogsliveinanundergroundcolonycalledadogtown,犬城在地平线上伸展开来whichcanstretchoverthehorizon.小城依照家庭为单位分散成若干个小圈子Thetownisdivid
13、edintocoteries,extendedfamilies,它们居住在火山形的前门后面livingbehindavolcano-shapedfrontdoor,依靠一亩左右的草坪来提供食物andwithanacreorsoofmanicuredlawntoprovidefood.草原犬鼠自身看起来像肥肥的素食海岛猫鼬Prairiedogsthemselvesmayseemlikefatvegetarianmeerkats,但它们事实上是属于松鼠一类buttheyreactuallysquirrels.还会吠叫thatbark.它们不喜欢来访者Andtheydontlikevisitors.
14、父亲掌握着家政大权Theresafatherincharge,几个妻子还有几代幼崽severalwives,anddifferentgenerationsofyoungsters.每个家庭极少穿越花♥园♥界限Eachfamilyrarelygoesbeyondtheirgardenboundaries,都在房♥子里一起工作andtheyallworktogetherontheirhouse.靠做家务琐事和家庭改造来消磨时间Timeisspentonhomeimprovementsandhouseholdchores.被筑高的人口就作为瞭望塔Therai
15、sedentrancesarewatchtowers,也是烟囱为地洞换取空气butarealsochimneys,anddrawairthroughtheburrows.低处的孔洞是新鲜空气的入气孔Thelower-levelholesarefreshairintakes.在洞内每家都有约三十米长地道Insideeachfamilyhomemaybe30metresoftunnelling有很多房♥间withmanydifferentrooms.它们冬季的大部分的时间都在卧室里度过TherearesleepingChamberS,wheretheyspendmostofthewi
16、nter.有的甚至还有一个邻近的卫生间Someevenhaveanadjacentlavatoryroom.有防洪功能的贮藏室Therearestoragerooms,anti-floodingfeatures,和逃生舱andescapehatches.这里冬暖夏凉Itswarminwinterandcoolinsummer.真是房♥产中介的梦想It,sanestateagentsdream.只有几天大的幼兽长得极小而且又秃又盲Thepups,atafewdaysold,aretiny,baldandblind.它们的母亲会和它们待在一起给予特别的照顾Theirmotherwil
17、lstaywiththeminaspecialnursery,喂养它们整理寝具feedingthemandsortingoutbedding.即使刚出生草原犬鼠已经展现出建筑者的特性Evenatbirth,prairiedogsareclearlybuilders,铲形的头圆柱形的身体withshovel-shapedheads,cylindricalbodies,还有挖掘机一样的爪子anddiggersclaws.因为有这么多的走廊Withsomanycorridors,很容易就误入邻居的房♥子itspossiblethatonemightleadbymistakeintoan
18、eighbourshouse,邻居很可能就是穴鹃andtheneighbourscouldbeburrowingowls.在黑暗中Inthedark,受惊吓的穴鹃发出像极了响尾蛇的声音thestartledowlsgiveagoodimpersonationofarattlesnake.穴鹃也有孩子Theowlshaveyoung,too,在草原犬鼠的废弃洞穴里孵化hatchedinanabandonedpartoftheprairiedogburrow.它们实际上是无害的擅占住房♥者Theyare,ineffecharmlesssquatters.犬城总有不少吃白食的Thedo
19、gtownisfulloffreeloaders.野兔和蛇在这个混居区里找到了自己的家Haresandsnakesfindhomesinthismixedneighbourhood.危险的角色像黑腿白鼬Dangerouscharacters,likeblack-footedferrets和草原狐住在老的洞穴里andswiftfoxes,liveinoldburrows.总的来说动物们在哪建家园哪里野生动物数量就增长OveralLwildlifeincreaseswhereveranimalsbuildhomes,不管建造者是否喜欢whetherthebuilderslikeitornot.也许
20、这也是因为Maybeasaresponse,草原犬鼠有完善的社区警务系统prairiedogshaveacommunitypoliceservice.家庭成员轮流防范掠食者Familymemberstakesturnswatchingoutforpredators.一只草原犬鼠在喊“老鹰”！AprairiedogcallsEagle!.800米范围内的家庭成员都赶快躲了起来Familiesforuptohalfamilearoundrunforcover.整个邻里都受益Thewholeneighbourhoodbenefits.草原犬鼠甚至对不同的掠食者有不同的呼唤方式Theprairiedo
21、gsevenhavedifferentcallsfordifferentpredators.“郊狼”是让它们下到洞里去Coyotesendsthemdowntheirburrows,但如果是呼唤“理”就需要不同的应对方案butcallingBadgerneedsadifferentresponse,因为建能够打洞asbadgerscandig,所以犬鼠们焦急地在地表面看着它们sothedogswatchthemnervouslyfromthesurface.它们的叫唤可能包含着指示大小Theircallsmayincludeinformationonsize,方向和速度、甚至颜色的信息dire
22、ctionandspeed,evencolour.这是人类研究过、最为复杂的动物语言之一Itsoneofthemostsophisticatedanimallanguageseverstudied是随着被家园吸引来的掠食者andhasariseninresponsetothepredators而逐渐产生的thataredrawntoanimalhouses.和邻居住得近会给提供些保护Livingclosetoyourneighbourcanprovidesomeprotection.但问题是也能引来更多的掠食者Theproblemis,itcanalsoattractmorepredators
23、.洋红蜂虎看到了一只饥饿的鱼鹰Southerncarminebee-eaterscatchtheeyeofahungryfisheagle.掠食者对如何建造房♥屋有重要的影响Predatorshaveamajorinfluenceonhowhousesarebuilt.在非洲沿着卢安瓜河Here,alongtheLuangwaRiverinAfrica,沙质的峭壁是为数极少的鹰、蜥蜴、猴子们sandycliffsareoneofthefewplacesoutofreach无法企及的地点之一ofeagles,lizards,andmonkeys.一对洋红蜂虎轮流Abee-eater
24、pairtakesturnsdiggingtheburrow用它们的喙和爪子打洞withtheirbeaksandfeet.群体的中心要比边缘更安全Thecentreofthecolonyissaferfrompredatorsthantheedge,所以鸟巢都在中间地带sothebirdsnestcloselytogetherinthemiddle.结果就形成了彼此隔开的、平均大小的联境房♥屋Theresultisevenly-spacedlinesoftownhouses.但群落越稠密But,thedenserthecolony,越能吸引更多的注意力themoreattent
25、ionitgets.洋红蜂虎群冲入侵者尖叫Thebee-eatersunite,screamingattheintruder.吵闹的邻居是救命恩人Noisyneighboursarealife-saver.在各个大♥陆♥都有动物们一起建造家园Oneverycontinent,animalsconvergetobuildhomestogether.25万科索特拉岛鸭鹅AquarterofamillionSocotracormorants到达阿♥拉♥伯的沙漠岛屿arriveondesertislandsoffArabia来建造简单的土丘来防御
26、掠食者tobuildsimplemoundsinthesandawayfrompredators.一些喜欢的碎片用于建巢不喜欢的则扔掉Somedebrisisfavouredforthenest,otherbitsrejected.隔壁的鸟想要偷走收藏品Thebirdnextdoortriestostealfromthecollection.孵化小幼鸟的时候Thechicks,whentheyhatch,必然得避开邻居们致命的利嘴mustbeprotectedfromtheneighbourslethalbeaks,所以巢得建在鸟能啄到的范围之外sonestsarebuiltjustoutof
27、peckingrange.结果它们的数千巢穴布局就成了Theyendupbuildingnearinch-perfect几近完美的几何图形geometricplotsintheirthousands.但世界上最伟大的动物房♥屋是洞穴Butthegreatestanimalhousesintheworldarecaves.在婆罗洲有三百五十万蝙蝠生活在这样的洞穴里3.5millionbatsliveinthiscaveinBorneo.每个傍晚它们离开安全的家Eachevening,theyleavethesafetyoftheirhome在周围的森林中捕捉昆虫为食tofeedon
28、insectsinthesurroundingforest它们在洞门外聚集形成保护性的旋风圈Theygatheroutsidethecitygateinadefensivewhirlwind.打旋的飞行者在挑战Theswirlingcommutersarerunningagauntlet捕蝠鹰和游隼ofbathawksandperegrinefalcons.捕食的鸟抓住一切单独行动的Thebirdsofpreygrabanythingthattriestogoitalone.当值夜班的出洞了Asthenightshiftleaveshome,值白班的就该回来了thedayshiftisretu
29、rning.洞穴金丝燕依靠回声定位系统飞进漆黑的大洞穴CaveSWiftletsnavigateintodarkcavernsbyecholocation,就像蝙蝠一样几平是唯一这样做的鸟类likeabat,almosttheonlybirdstodoso.它们制♥造♥强有力的咔嗒声Theymakepowerfulclicks,然后听从墙上返回来的回声andlistentothesoundbouncingoffthewalls.雄丝燕选择略微凸起的岩脊MaleSwiftletSchoosetinyhigh-riseledges,也许距洞地面100米maybe100m
30、etresabovethecavernfloor.它们和专家们分享空间Theysharethespace包括蜘蛛withspecialistspiders,洞穴蟆蚣cavecentipedes还有蝙蝠andbats.蝙蝠的粪便堆积成恶臭的小山ThebatshaveleftastinkingmountainOfdroppings足有30米高over30metreshigh.这是世界上最大的室内厕所Itsthebiggestindoorlavatoryintheworld.这里居住的动物数量是曼哈顿区人口的两倍ThisisacavewithdoublethepopulationofManhatta
31、n并且没有下水系统andnoplumbing.这里爬满了蜂螂Anditscrawlingwithcockroaches.蜂螂以动物粪便为食Thecockroachesfeedonthedroppings,或者拣食掉到地上的任何东西andanythingelsethatfallstothefloor.最佳的岩脊要通过斗争获得Thebestledgeshavetobefoughtfor,在漆黑的洞穴里雄性为争夺好地♥产♥大打出手andamalebattlesoverrealestateinthepitchblackness.燕子和雨燕通常用泥筑巢Swallowsandm
32、artinsnormallyusemud,但是金丝燕自己做窝buttheSwiftletSmaketheirownwalls.用类似于胶质的唾液通过它粘到岩石上lt,sasortofglueysaliva,whichtheyattachtotherock,逐渐累积层层交替制成了一个小蛋杯形andbuildup,layerbylayemakingatinyegg-cup.这可得几周辛苦的工作Itcanbeweeksofpainstakingwork.唾液渐渐变硬Thesalivahardens变成世界上最特别的动物房♥屋intooneofthemostextraordinaryan
33、imalhousesintheworld,一个透明的杯子acrystalchalice.鸟巢成了紧密相连的公♥寓♥那样挤在一起Thenestsbecomeascrowdedasclosely-packedapartments.编织进羽毛使巢看起来暗些Woven-infeathersdarkenthenests,但那白色的蛋发出亮光butsinglewhiteeggsglowinthelights.无数世代以来这个洞穴都是最安全的家Forgenerations,thiscavehasbeenoneofthesafesthomes.直到一个新的掠夺者发现了它Thatis
34、,untilanewpredatorfoundit.人们到了这里Menarehere采集著名的佳肴燕窝tocollectaculinarydelicacyforthefamousbirdsnestsoup.唾液富含蛋白质和矿物质Thesalivaisfullofproteinsandminerals,不过很明显燕窝尝起来没什么味道butapparentlythenestsdonttasteofanything.一篮子燕窝价值数千美元Thelittlehomesareworththousandsofdollarsabasketful.仅合法途径的燕窝交易Thelegaltradealoneinb
35、irdsnestsoup就值5亿美元isworthabouthalfabilliondollars.不可避免地、世界上燕窝的数量在减少Inevitably,wildcaveswiftletsareindecline.唾液是一种很特别的建筑材料Salivaisanextraordinarybuildingmateriab但要论最特别的还得是丝butperhapsthemostremarkableofallissilk.那成圈的蛋白线有名的坚韧和轻Thecoiledthreadsofproteinarefamouslystrongandlight.这也是其它动物偷它的原因.whichiswhyot
36、heranimalsstealthem.中美洲的青铜蜂鸟收集蛛网AbronzyhermithummingbirdinCentralAmericacollectscobwebs.川这些丝线它在树叶卜面编织了一个口袋Withthesilkthreads,sheweavesapocket,anchoredunderaleaf.树叶既可防雨又可防止窥视Theleafkeepsouttherain,andpryingeyes.伪装就是所有的安全措施Camouflageisallthedefencesheneeds.致命陷阱变成了另一类型的家Alethaltraphasbecomeadifferentso
37、rtofhome-一个摇篮acradle.小蜂鸟在悬挂的丝网里长大Babyhummingbirdsgrowupsuspendedinsilk以花蜜为食andfedonnectar.这个二手的网子能够承受蜂鸟父母和孩子的重量Thesecond-handwebcancarrytheyoungandtheparentbirds,虽然它最初的功能是捕捉飞虫thoughitwasoriginallymadeonlytocatchafly.能工巧匠能把最寻常的建筑材料Evenordinarybuildingmaterialscanbetransformed用得出神入化bytheskillofthebuil
38、der.在南非雌性的红尾酋长鸟Afemalered-rumpedcaciqueinSouthAmerica把棕柳树叶撕成缕结成圈或结tiespalmleafstrandsintoloopsandknots.雌性酋长鸟选择巢穴的地点Themothercaciqueschoosethenestsite,建造巢穴和争夺地点buildandbickeroverspace.建筑蓝图是出于直觉Thearchitecturalblueprintisinstinctive,但它改进和适应了基础方案butsheadaptsandrefinesthebasicplan,技巧也在实践中得以提高andherskill
39、improveswithpractice.首先要制♥造♥根基Thefoundationsaremadefirst,然后要造一个环巢的入口thenaloop,theentrancetothenest.门延伸进一个管子Thedoorisextendedintoatube,像一支40厘米长的袜子likeasockabout40centimetreslong.经过长达三周的工作巢终于在底部完工了Afteruptothreeweekswork,anestisfinishedatthebottom.作品不能长时间不管Youcantleaveyourhandiworkforlon
40、g,那些年长和奸诈的邻居会试图把它们拆坏oryourolderandcannierneighbourstryandpullitapart偷走建筑材料andstealyourbuildingmaterial.最终巢做成这样的形状是因为有偷蛋贼Thefinalnestisthisshapebecausethereareeggthieves.这是一个巨嘴鸟ThisisaTocotoucan.巢管必须足够长Thenesttubemustbelongenough这样掠食者才看不到幼鸟或抵达底部sothatpredatorscantseethechicksorreachthebottom.经年累月酋长鸟们
41、已经加长了它们的巢Overthegenerations,caciqueshaveextendedtheirnests来保护幼鸟安全tokeeptheyoungsafe.巨嘴鸟试图从巢的一侧进攻Thetoucanistryinganattackthroughthesideofanest.用长鸟们有个不太可能的盟军Theyhaveanunlikelyally.它们通常以蜜蜂或胡蜂为伴做巢Casiquesoftennestnearbeesandwasps.幼鸟们安全了Thechicksaresafe,尽管巢看起来需要一个新的窗户thoughthenestseemstohaveacquiredanew
42、window.看起来父母要为修缮工作准备材料Itlooksliketheparentmayhavetogetmaterialsforrepairwork.建筑物资是那么重要Buildingsuppliesaresoimportant在某些地方对有些动物来说物资本身tosomeanimalsthainplaces,thematerialsthemselves已经赋予特别的意义havetakenonaparticularsignificance.不会飞的鸿造川海草筑巢Flightlesscormorantsbuildtheirnestsfromseaweed.在加拉帕戈斯群岛没什么别的东西Onth
43、eshoresoftheGalapagosIslands,thereisntmuchelse.看起来巢得好坏Itseemsthisisasmuchabouttheirrelationship,关乎感情深浅asbuildingthenest.它们像新婚夫妻一样为了粉刷争吵Theyrelikenewlywedscooingoverpaintswatches.颜色也很重要、还有质地Colourisimportant,andtexture,雌鸟看起来在估量每份礼物的价值andthefemalesseemtoweighupeachgift.偶尔也有奇异的东西一个活海胆Occasionalexoticof
44、ferings-alivingseaurchin,或者一种新颜色的水草oranewshadeofseaweed-被送到巢根前有时候也会遭到拒收arebroughttothenesandsometimesrejected.自己会走的对它没有用处Agiftthatwalksawayisofnouse.这个大小并不合它意Andsizecertainlydoesntimpressher.对鸿播来说干水草作用很大Thedryingseaweedmeansmoretothecormorants绝不仅仅是建筑材料thanmereconstructionmaterials.巢穴变成了一个特别的地方Anestb
45、ecomesaspecialplace,用于防备好奇地来访者tobedefendedfromcuriousvisitors.还是鸟蛋完美的家.andaperfecthomefortheeggs.我们不知道它们的真实想法或者感受Wedontknowexactlywhattheythinkorfeel,但一些科学家坚信butsomescientistsbelievetheeffort通过筑巢使它们的感情更为亲近seemstodrawthemclosertogether.幼鸟受益J二父母用心制&hearts谴♥的Thechickbenefitsfromtheparentscommitm
46、ent一个完美的家tomakingtheperfecthome.有关动物通过筑造宫殿来赢得配偶芳心的Theultimateexampleofananimalthatbuildsapalace最典型的例子能在新几内亚岛的森林里找到towinroundamatecanbefoundintheforestsofNewGuinea.这个编织的一米宽篷子是一个用于引诱的公&heart学寓♥Thismetre-widewovenwigwamisaseductionpad一切都是为了展示andisallaboutshow.精心准备的花和水果Carefullyarrangedflowersandfruits堆放在修剪过的苔葬hareplacedinpilesonmanicuredmoss.小点儿的贵重物品在后面放着Smallertreasuresaretowardstheback,是为了让篷子看起来大些这也是人类室内设计师用的方法tomakethebowerseembigger,atrickhumaninteriordesignersalsouse.然而雄性褐色园丁鸟本性端虫甚至有些乏味YetthemaleVogelkopbowerbirdhimselfismodest,evendrab.要成为精通于房♥屋
