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1、QinstituteofYdevelopmentstudiesIDSWorkingPaper597FECWorkingPaper005EquityinFoodSystemsLivelihoods:AReviewofConceptualisations,Approaches,andActionsAyakoEbata,ImogenBellwood-HowardandJaneBattersbyDecember2023TheInstituteofDevelopmentStudies(IDS)deliversworld-classresearch,learningandteachingthattrans
2、formstheknowledge,actionandleadershipneededformoreequitableandsustainabledevelopmentglobally.AbouttheFoodEquityCentreTheFoodEquityCentrebringstogetherresearchers,policymakers,practitionersandactiviststocollaborateindevelopingsolutionstoinequitiesinfoodsystems.Itaddressestheurgentneedforresearchandac
3、tiontowardsfairnessjustice,andinclusion,atatimewhenglobalcrisessuchastheCovid-19pandemicandthewarinUkrainehaveexposedthescaleoffoodinsecurityandstructuralissuesthatleavepeopleinpoorfoodenvironmentsvulnerabletodiseaseandmalnutrition.FoodEquityCentremembersandpartnersworkondiverseaspectsoffoodsecurity
4、andsocialjustice,includingfoodsystems,nutrition,socialprotection,foodsovereigntyandtherighttofood.Throughresearch,knowledgesharingandmutuallearningbetweencountriesintheglobalNorthandglobalSouth,itaimstobreakdownsilosbetweenresearchers,activistsandlocalcommunities.TheCentrewillgeneratecontextualisedk
5、nowledgeandactionablesolutionscontributingtotransformativechangethatleadstoequitableandsustainablefoodsystemsglobally.TheFoodEquityCentrecombinespartnersfromdifferentglobalregionsanddifferentresearchandpracticetraditions,workingtogethertoaddressfoodequity.InstitutionalpartnersincludetheInstituteofDe
6、velopmentStudies(UK);CentreforFoodPolicy,CityUniversity(UK);ProgramadePos-GraduaQaodeCienciasSociaisemDesenvolvimento,AgriculturaeSociedade,UniversidadeFederalRuraldoRiodeJaneiro(Brazil);CentreofExcellenceinFoodSecurity,AfricanCentreforCities,andPLAAS(SouthAfrica);andtheWorldVegetableCentre(Thailand
7、,andglobal).pod EqUny CentnJfood security & social justiceinstituteofYdevelopmentstudsInstituteofDevelopmentStudies2023IDSWorkingPaperVolume2023Number597FECWorkingPaper005EquityinFoodSystemsLivelihoods:AReviewofConceptualisations,Approaches,andActionsAyakoEbata,ImogenBellwood-HowardandJaneBattersbyD
8、ecember2023FirstpublishedbytheInstituteofDevelopmentStudiesinDecember2023ISSN:2040-0209ISBN:978-1-80470-166-9DOI:10.19088IDS.2023.058Suggestedcitation:Ebata,A.;Bellwood-Howard,I.andBattersby,J.(2023)EquityinFoodSystemsLivelihoods:AReviewofConceptualisations,Approaches,andActions,IDSWorkingPaper597,B
9、righton:InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,DOI:10.19088IDS.2023.058AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.ThispaperwasfundedandproducedaspartoftheIDSStrategicResearchInitiative.7JIThisisanOpenAccesspaperdistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0Internationallic
10、ence(CCBY),whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorsandsourcearecreditedandanymodificationsoradaptationsareindicated.Availablefrom:InstituteofDevelopmentStudies,LibraryRoadBrighton,BN19RE,UnitedKingdom+44(0)1273915637ids.ac.ukIDSisacharitablecompa
11、nylimitedbyguaranteeandregisteredinEnglandCharityRegistrationNumber306371CharitableCompanyNumber877338IDSWorkingPaper597FECWorkingPaper005EquityinFoodSystemsLivelihoods:AReviewofConceptualisations,Approaches,andActionsAyakoEbata9ImogenBellwood-HowardandJaneBattersbyDecember2023EquityinFoodSystemsLiv
12、elihoods:AReviewofConceptualisations,Approaches,andActionsAyakoEbata,ImogenBellwood-HowardandJaneBattersbyDecember2023SummaryFoodsystemsemploybillionsofpeopleacrosstheworld,manyofwhomaresociallyandeconomicallymarginalised.Thelivelihoodswithinthefoodsystemsthesepeoplerelyontendtobeprecariousandlowine
13、conomicreturn,exacerbatingsocialandeconomicinequalitywhilepreventingfoodsystemsfromimprovingtheirecologicalsustainability.Inthispaper,wereviewthedifferentwaysinwhichequitablelivelihoodswithinfoodsystemsareconceptualisedacrossacademiccommunities,andwhatinterventionsaresuggestedtomakefoodsystemsliveli
14、hoodsmoreequitable.Weanalysethetensionsandcomplementaritybetweenthesedifferentapproachesandsuggestaninter-andtrans-disciplinarymethodology.Keywords1.ivelihoods,foodsystemslivelihoods,equity.AuthorsAyakoEbataisaResearchFellowattheInstituteofDevelopmentStudies(IDS),UK.Herworkfocusesonunderstandinghowa
15、griculturalandlivestockvaluechaindevelopmentinfluencestheeconomic,social,andecologicalsustainabilityoffoodsystems.ShehasmainlyworkedinSoutheastandSouthAsia,andLatinAmerica.ImogenBellwood-HowardisaResearchFellowatIDS.Herresearchfocusesonfoodsystemsandhuman-environmentinteractions,andshehasworkedmostl
16、yinWestAfricanurbanandruralagriculturalsettings.JaneBattersbyisanAssociateProfessorintheDepartmentofEnvironmentalandGeographicalScienceattheUniversityofCapeTown.HerworkfocusesonurbanfoodsecurityandfoodsystemspredominantlyintheAfricancontext.ExecutiveSummaryFoodsystemsacrosstheworldprovidelivelihoods
17、forbillionsofmarginalisedindividualsandfamilies.However,thejobsthattheyrelyonareprecariousandlowineconomicreturns,exacerbatingtheirsocial,economic,andecologicalvulnerability.Differingviewsexistonidentifyingwaystoimprovethepersistentinequityinfoodsystemslivelihoods.Inthispaper,weprovideareviewofdiffe
18、rentconceptualisationsofequitablelivelihoodsinfoodsystems.Broadly,wedrawfrom(agriculturalandapplied)economics,theSustainableLivelihoodsApproach,agrarianstudies,foodstudies,andagroecology.Weshowthatdifferentacademictraditionshavedifferentunderstandingsofwhatafoodsystemlivelihoodcomprisesandhowopportu
19、nitiesforbetterlivelihoodsareshapedbyeconomic,social,andpoliticalstructures.Theydifferintermsofthewaysinwhichtheyconceptualisethepurposesoffoodsystemslivelihoodsandaccesstoresourcesneededtomakealivingfromfood-relatedactivities.This,inturn,leadstovaryingassumptionsaboutwhatwilladdressinequitiesinlive
20、lihoodopportunitiesandoutcomes.Wethenanalysehowthesedifferentunderstandingsofequityinfoodsystemslivelihoodsleadtoandareinformedbyadifferenceinresearchmethodsused,andthereforeevidencegenerated.Wearguethatthereare,broadlyspeaking,qualitativeandquantitativemethods,andthatthesemethodsaretypicallyusedtoh
21、ighlightspecificaspectsoffoodsystemslivelihoodsand/oroutcomes.Forinstance,quantitativemethodsallowustohighlightthedifferenceinquantifiableoutcomes,suchasincomeandwages,betweendifferentkindsofvaluechainsthatagri-foodenterprisesparticipatein.Qualitativemethodsareoftenusedtoexploresocial,political,andh
22、istoricaldynamicsthatleadtothemarginalisationofcertainpeopleandfood-basedlivelihoods.Wearguethatnosingleapproachandmethodcanaddressthecomplexrelationshipbetweenfood-relatedlivelihoods,resourceaccess,andrelationsbetweenpeopleandorganisationswithinfoodsystems.Finally,weconcludebysuggestingseveralareas
23、forfurtherresearch,whichcombinevariousresearchmethodsandapproaches.Thiswillhelpusunderstandtheinteractionsbetweenmeasurable-e.g.income,nutrition,health,etc.-andnon-measurable-e.g.generalwellbeing,senseofplace,etc.-outcomeslinkedtolivelihoods,andtensions,synergies,andpowerrelationshipsbetweendifferen
24、tactorswithinfoodsystemsthataffectlivelihoodoptionsandoutcomes.This,inturn,impliesusingamixtureofthemethodsoutlinedaboveandtheneedforconceptualaswellasmethodologicalinnovationthatspansacrossdifferentacademiccommunities.ContentsAcknowledgements81. Introduction92. Disciplinaryapproachestofoodsystemsli
25、velihoodsandinequities112.1 Equityineconomics112.2 SustainableLivelihoodsApproach132.3 Attentiontopowerrelationsinagrarianstudies132.4 Culturalturninfoodstudies142.5 Agroecology152.6 Summary163. Methodstounderstandfoodsystemslivelihoodsandequitieswithinthem173.1 Commonlyusedmethods173.2 Complementar
26、ityofthesemethods183.3 Needforinnovativemethodsandapproachestounderstandingfoodsystemslivelihoods194. Discussionandconclusions214.1 Reflectingnon-agriculturallivelihoodsinquantitativestatisticsandpolicydebates214.2 Qualitativeengagementwithfoodsystemactorstoimproveequity224.3 Centringpowerinundersta
27、ndingitsconsequencesonfoodsystemslivelihoods234.4 Finalrecommendations25References27FiguresFigure4.1Methodologicalinnovationtowardabetterunderstandingofsocio-politicaldynamicsthatinfluencefoodsystemslivelihoods26AcknowledgementsThisWorkingPaperwasfinanciallysupportedanddevelopedaspartoftheIDSStrateg
28、icResearchInitiativeonGlobalFoodEquity.TheauthorsacknowledgethevaluablecommentsreceivedattheFoodEquityCentresymposiuminSeptember2022.SpecialthanksgotoCarolinaSkinner,AlejandroGuan,andIanScoonesforprovidinghelpfulcomments.1. IntroductionThispaperconsidersfoodsystemslivelihoodsandcriticallyassesseshow
29、livelihoodswithinfoodsystemsarecurrentlyunderstood,conceptualised,andoperationalised.Foodsystemsprovidelivelihoodopportunitiesforanestimated4.5billionpeopleacrosstheworld,2.3billionofwhomaresociallyandeconomicallymarginalised(Fanzoetal.2021).IFAD(2013)estimatedthatabout70percentof1.4billionpoorpeopl
30、erelyonagriculturalactivitiesfortheirliving.Manyaresmall-scalefarmerswhoarevulnerabletotherisksofincreasingclimatevulnerabilityandfoodinsecurity(Woodhill,HasnainandGriffith2020).Beyondthefarms,foodsystemsoffermarginalisedpeopleincomeopportunitiesalongtheagri-foodvaluechainsas,forexample,small-scalef
31、oodretailers(Kawarazuka,BeneandPrain2018),traders,andanimalslaughterers(Ebata2022).Atthesametime,thecurrentwaysinwhichpeopleearnlivingsthroughjobsinfoodsystemsshowsignificantinequalityandinequity.Forinstance,small-scalefoodproducersfacechallengesinaccessingkeyproductionresourcessuchasland,credit,and
32、farminputbecauseofexistingsocial,economic,andpoliticalstructures(Ebataetal.2020).1.ivelihoodsinthefoodsectorarenotnecessarilyuniquefromthoseinothersectors:theyallprovidepeopleandfamilieswithincometothriveon.However,foodsystemslivelihoodshavesignificantimplicationsonpovertyreduction,foodandnutritions
33、ecurity,andenvironmentalsustainability.Asoneofthemainobjectivesoffoodsystemslivelihoodsistoprovidepeoplewithfood,effortstomakefoodsystemslivelihoodsequitablealsoneedtoconsidernutritionsecurityforvulnerablepeople(Rubenetal.2021).Also,food-basedlivelihoodsdependsignificantlyonaccesstonaturalresourcess
34、uchaslandandwater(Alarcon,LodinandHajdu2022).Theseresourcesareembeddedinlocaltoglobalpowerrelations,andtheserelationsdeterminewhocanmakeadecentlivingfromfoodsystemslivelihoods(Michelutti2022).Inaddition,foodsystemstendtoemploymarginalisedpeople,women,andsmall-scalebusinesses-seesection4.2formoredeta
35、ils-andarethereforecriticaltoachievinganumberofSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs);forexample,NoPoverty(SDG1);ZeroHunger(SDG2);GoodHealthandWellbeing(SDG3);DecentWorkandEconomicGrowth(SDG8);LifeBelowWater(SDG14);andLifeOnLand(SDG15).Theideaoflivelihoodshasbeencentraltoseveraldisciplinesandwaysofthinki
36、ngoverthepastdecades.Inthispaper,wedrawontheoriesonfoodsystemslivelihoodsfromseveralkeybodiesofliteraturethatarerelevanttotheglobaldebatesoneffectivewaystoreduceinequityinfoodsystemslivelihoods.Wedonotclaimthatouranalysiscoversalltherelevantacademicdisciplines.Wealsorecognisethatfoodsystemslivelihoo
37、dsdebatesdonotnecessarilysitwithinandbetweendisciplines,andthatsomeapproachesandconceptualisationsareids.ac.uk10multi-,trans-andinter-disciplinary.Therefore,webuildonourcollectiveexpertiseinkeyacademicdebates,approaches,andpoliciesfromindividualcontextsastheyrepresentadiversityofareasthatareprominen
38、tintheglobaldebatesonfoodsystemslivelihoodsandtheircontributiontoreducingpovertyandinequality.Specifically,wewill(broadly)drawfrom:economics,agrarianstudy,AlternativeFoodSystemsliterature,andagroecology.Weask:howdothesevariousapproachesunderstandlivelihoodsandtheinequitiesthatexistinthem,andwhathave
39、beentheimplicationsoftheseunderstandings?Howmaywegainamoreholisticandusefulunderstandingoffoodsystemslivelihoodsandtheinequitiesinthem?Therestofthepaperisorganisedasfollows.Insection2,wediscusshowkeybodiesofliteratureengagewiththeconceptofequityinfoodsystemslivelihoodsandtheirsuggestedapproachestota
40、cklinginequities.Insection3,weshowthemethodsthathavebeenusedbythesedifferentbodiesofworkanddiscusshowalternativeapproachesmayyieldbetterresultsinreducinginequities.Insection4,wediscussrealisticoptionsforgainingabetterunderstandingoffoodsystemslivelihoodinequity,andproposeforwardresearchdirections.id
41、s.ac.uk112. Disciplinaryapproachestofoodsystemslivelihoodsandinequities2.1 EquityineconomicsMainstream(developmentandapplied)economicsconceptualiseequityfromtheperspectiveoffairdistributionofopportunities.PerhapsthemostinfluentialpublicationonequityineconomicsistheWorldDevelopmentReportbytheWorldBan
42、k(2006).ThereportstatesthatequityreferstoasituationwhereIndividualsshouldhaveequalopportunitiestopursuealifeoftheirchoosingandbesparedfromextremedeprivationinoutcomes1(ibid.:2).Thisnotionemphasisestheopportunitiesgiventoindividuals(orhouseholds)regardlessoftheirsociocultural,economic,andpoliticalsta
43、ndingsinagivensociety,andeconomicpoliciestofacilitateindividualchoicestooptimiseefficientallocationofresourcesandmaximise(economic)growth.Buildingonthisnotion,thereportsuggestseconomicpoliciestolevel,theeconomicplayingfield,(ibid,:3),including:effectivelandtenurepolicies,improvingaccesstobasicservic
44、essuchashealthcareandeducation,andenhancingmarketcompetition.Essentially,alloftheserecommendationsintendtocorrectmarketfailuresthatdistortthemostefficientallocationoflimitedresources,whichisinlinewithneo-classicaleconomictheories.Whilethenotionofequityisnotexplicit,Piketty(2022)analysesthehistorical
45、,sociocultural,andinstitutionalstructuresthatleadtounequaloutcomesintermsof,forinstance,income,household-levelasset,andgenerationalwealth.Hehighlightssocio-politicalevents(e.g.thetwoWorldWarsandcolonialism)thattriggeredtheformationandtransformationofhighlyunequalsocietiesacrossEuropeandintheUnitedSt
46、ates,andarguesthatinequalityhas,overall,decreasedoverthelastcenturieswhilemoreprogressisneededtoachievetrueequality.AsintheconceptualisationbytheWorldBank(2006),Pikettycallsforimprovedaccesstoeducationandemploymentopportunitiesbypeoplefromunderprivilegedbackgroundsandechoeseconomists,notionthatequit
47、yisdesirablebecauseitgeneratesgrowthandmaximiseswelfare(Klasen2008).However,healsorecognisesthesocio-politicaldynamicsandhistoricallegaciesoninequalitythatpersisttodayandsuggestsaseriesofinter-temporalandnationalpoliciestoachievesocialJustice,.Whileeconomicthinkers-includingthosebuildingonMarxandSen
48、-challengethenarrowinterpretationofequitybytheBank,itsnotiondominatesmuchofthecurrentthinkingbehindfoodsystemslivelihoodsand(in)equitywithinthem.AmorerecentandequallyinfluentialpublicationbytheInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitute(IFPRI)conceptualisesequityinthecontextofagriculturalids.ac.uk12dev
49、elopmentinlinewiththeBank,sdominantnotion(OtsukaandFan2021).Thechaptersofthisbookdiscussequityasfairallocationofproductionresourcesthrougheffectivepolicyinterventions(e.g.landandnaturalresources)(Place,Meinzen-DickandGhebru2021;Rosegrant,FanandOtsuka2021),ensuringthatmarginalised(i.e.smallholder)farmershavetherightincentivestoparticipateinlucrativevaluechains(Otsuka
