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1、PZuoaJnsoosQ-qndworldBankgroupSZVIi1lP zOfn4alnsoosQUNLOCKINGTHEPOTENTIALOFFLOATINGSOLARPHOTOVOLTAICSININDIAVolumeimainreport。二q11dworldBankgroupUnlockingthepotentialofFLOATINGSOLARPHOTOVOLTAICSININDIAVOLUME1:MAINREPORTOCTOBER2023DisclaimerThestudyfocusesonFloatingSolarPhotovoltaics(FSPV)basedpowerp
2、lantsoninlandwaterbodiesanddetailsofapplicablestandardsareincludedintheVolume2:GuidanceDocument.ThestudyreflectstheviewoftheWorldBankanddoesnotnecessarilyreflecttheviewoftheGovernmentofIndia(GoI)andthefindingsofthestudyarenotbindingontheGol.FOREWORDbyCountryDirector,IndiaRampinguprenewableenergyisan
3、integralpartoflndia,splanstoreducegreenhousegasemissionstomeetitsNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDC)undertheParisAgreement.Inthiscontext,Indiaistakingrapidstepstoincorporateabundantlyavailableandaffordablerenewableresourcesintoitsenergymix.YetwhileIndiasrenewableenergyresourcesarewidelyavailable,
4、theyoftencannotbefullyutilizedduetoavarietyoffactors,suchasthepaucityoflargetractsofsuitableland,orthehighopportunitycostofland,amongothers.ThisreportbuildsacompellingcaseforIndiatolookbeyondlandandinstituteanecosystemthatsupportstheinstallationandoperationalizationoffloatingsolarphotovoltaics(FSPV)
5、powerplants.Sincetheseplantsareinstalledontheunderutilizedsurfacesoflargewaterbodies,nolandneedstobedivertedfromotheruses.TheinstallationofFSPVsalsospursjobcreationandcatalyzesthedevelopmentofadomesticvaluechainassomeofthecomponents,suchasfloaters,needtobemanufacturedclosetoinstallationsites.Theyals
6、oprovidearangeofotherbenefitsastheygeneraterelativelymorepowerthanground-mountedsolarplants(duetothecoolingeffectofwater)andbetterutilizesharedinfrastructuresuchastransmissionsystems,whereveravailable.Indiahasanestimatedpotentialofabout300gigawattsofFSPVbutlessthan350megawattshasbeenrealizedtodate.T
7、hereportanalysestheconstraintsleadingtothemoderatepaceofFSPVinstallationinthecountryanddrawsfromglobalexperiencetosuggestmeasuresthatcanunlocktheFSPVpotentialinIndiaandotherSouthAsiancountries.Thereportalsoprovidesinsightsonthetechnicalstandardstobeadoptedintheuseoffloatingsolartechnology.Ihopethiss
8、tudycontributestowardsdeepeningtheunderstandingofpolicymakersanddevelopersandfacilitatesthedeploymentoffloatingsolarpowerplants,contributingtotheachievementofIndiasNDCobjectives,promotingenergyindependenceandcreatingjobsforthepeople.AugusteTanoKouameCountryDirector,IndiaTheWorldBankACKNOWLEDGEMENTST
9、hisreportisananalyticalstudyof44UnIockingthePotentialofFloatingSolarPhotovoltaicsinIndia”byaWorldBankteamledbySurbhiGoyal(SeniorEnergySpecialist)andcomprisedofSatakiBhattacharya(EnergyConsultant)andVivekJha(EnergyConsultant)withlogisticalsupportprovidedbyNeetuSharda(ProgramAssociate).Theteamacknowle
10、dgesthevaluableinsightsandcommentsofpeerreviewersfromtheWorldBank:JariVayrynen(SeniorEnergySpecialist)andZuzanaDobrotkova(SeniorEnergySpecialist),andfromInternationalFinanceCorporation:IbanVendrellArmengol(SeniorIndustrySpecialist).Theirinputsandadvicehaveenrichedthisreport.TheteamisalsogratefultoMi
11、nistryofPowerandMinistryofNewandRenewableEnergyfortheirinvaluablecommentsonthereport.TheWorldBankteamgreatlyvaluestheinsightsprovidedbyCecileFruman(Director,SouthAsiaRegionalIntegrityandEngagement).Theteamappreciatesthestrategicguidance,adviceandsupportprovidedbyDemetriosPapathanasiou(GlobalDirector
12、Energy&Extractives)andSimonJ.Stolp(PracticeManager-SouthAsiaEnergyandExtractives).AconsortiumofDNVGLandErnst&YoungundertookrequiredassessmentsandmarketstudiesonFloatingSolarprojectsinIndia.TheDNVteamcomprisedofAlokKumar,SilpaBabu,JayachandranKasi,GijoGeorge,AseemDhingra,AlexArgyros,ModiniYantrapatia
13、ndBalasubramoniamSivasubramaniam.TheErnst&YoungteamcomprisedofAshishKulkarni,ShreyasGaur,KJCVinodKumar,MalayNigam,VishalSrivastavaandSusmitDatta.WewishtoacknowledgethefinancialandtechnicalsupportprovidedbySouthAsiaWaterInitiative(SAWI) The South Asia Water Initiative (SAWI) was a multi-donor Trust F
14、und supported by the UK, Australia and Norway and managed by the World Bank. SAWI supported a rich portfolio of activities designed to increase regional cooperation in the management of the major Himalayan river systems in South Asia to deliver sustainable, fair and inclusive development and climate
15、 resilience. It did this through four complementary outcome areas: strengthening awareness and knowledge on regional water issues; enhancing technical and policy capacity across the region; dialogue and participatory decision processes to build trust and confidence; and scoping and informing investm
16、ent designs. Its work, structured across three river basins (Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra) and the Sundarbans Landscape, spanned seven countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal and Pakistan.andtheinsightsfromJanetMinatelli(SeniorOperationsOfficer),HallaMaherQadummi(SeniorWater
17、Economist)andSarwatBatool(SeniorExecutiveAssistant).ThereportalsobenefittedfromtheinputsprovidedbytheExternalAffairSandCommunicationsteamledbySonaThakur(SeniorExternalAffairSOfficer),VinitaRanade(Consultant)andNitikaManSinghMehta(Consultant).TableofcontentsAbbreviationsixExecutiveSummaryxiii1. .Intr
18、oduction12. MappingoftheValueChainandIdentificationofBarriers72.1. ValueChainMapping92.2. ValueChainAssessment152.3. Recommendations383. BenchmarkingtheFSPVEcosysteminIndiaAgainstInternationalPractices473.1. Approach&Methodology513.2. Benchmarking523.3. KeyObservationsfromOtherCountries693.4. KeyTak
19、eaways,ObservationsfromGlobalPracticesandAssociatedRisksofFSPV703.5. AssociatedRisksandMitigationStrategiesforIndia774. ReviewofTechnicalStandardsandTenders814.1. Manufacturing844.2. EquipmentandTechnicalSpecifications864.3. Design874.4. Testing884.5. MeteorologicalMeasurements894.6. MaterialStorage
20、atSite904.7. OtherRequirements905. RegionalCo-operationandStatusofFSPVinSouthAsianCountries915.1. Countries935.2. LessonsLearned1005.3. DeploymentModel1015.4. KnowIedgeTransferIOIAppendixAppendix A: DetailsofStakeholders107Appendix B: MethodologyforShortlistingoftheCountriesforBenchmarkingStudyI16Ap
21、pendix C: FloatingSolarPlantsinJapan,NetherlandsandVietnamI19Appendix D: FloatingSolarPlantsinIndia120ListofPolicies,PermitsandApprovals1221.istofFiguresFigure 1.1: Globalinstalledcapacityoffloatingsolar3Figure 1.2: Country-wiseFSPVinstalledcapacities4Figure 2.1: ValuechainofFSPVprojects9Figure 2.2:
22、 Keystakeholdersinthevaluechain14Figure 2.3: Marketreadinessofvaluechain-assessmentelements15Figure 2.4: Resultofassessment38Figure 3.1: MechanismofpowerprocurementbyelectricityretailersinJapan53Figure 3.2: FiTmechanisminJapan54Figure 3.3: FrameworkforREprojectauctionsinJapan55Figure 3.4: Greenbondf
23、inancedFSPVplantinJapan56Figure 3.5: Kyocera,s13.7MWFSPVplantonadamreservoir57Figure 3.6: FSPVplantlocatedonanirrigationpondinJapan58Figure 3.7: SustainablebankfinancedFSPVprojectinNetherlands63Figure 3.8: Partnershipbetweenadeveloperandaresearchinstitute64Figure 3.9: EvolutionofFiTprograminVietnam6
24、6Figure 3.10: IFI(ADB)financedFSPVplantinVietnam67Figure 3.11: I:FSPVprojectinvolvingcollaborationbetweenprivateorganisationsandgovernmentinVietnam68Figure 3.12: TrendofFiTratesinJapan73Figure 4.1: FSPVSystemComponents83PointsofattentioninanFSPVsystem841.istOfTabIesTable 2.1: Table1.1:ScenariosforUp
25、scalingofFSPV5Table 2.2: 1.istofmajorequipmentapplicableforthedifferentvaluechainphases9Table 2.3: ServicesapplicableforthedifferentvaluechainphasesIITable 2.4: Skillsetsapplicableforthedifferentvaluechainphases12Table 2.5: StakeholdersdirectlyinvolvedintheFSPVvaluechain14Table 2.6: Stakeholdersfrom
26、relevantparallelsectors15Table 2.7: Marketreadinessofvaluechain16Table 2.8: Definitionofriskparameters18Table 2.9: Annualmanufacturingcapacity(2023)offloatsinIndia24Table 2.10: ImpactofBarriersontheRiskParameters29Table 2.11: Summaryofrecommendations39Table 2.12: I:FixedassumptionsforLCOEcalculation
27、s44Table 2.13: VariableassumptionsforLCOEcalculations45Table 3.1: SummaryofBusinessModelsinInitialProjects50Table 3.2: FiTperkWhforsolarprojectsinJapan55Table 3.3: ComponentmanufacturersorsuppliersinJapan59Table 3.4: ComponentmanufacturersorsuppliersinVietnam68Table 3.5: FiTratesinTaiwanforsolarsyst
28、ems70Table 3.6: Summaryofobservationsinkeyareas71Table 3.7: TargetsforREinthethreeshortlistedcountries71Table 3.8: Keyobservationsonbusinessmodels76Table 4.1: RisksandmitigationstrategiesforIndia78Table 4.2: 1.imitationsofexistingstandardsandtechnicalrequirementsoftenders85Table 4.3: Referencestanda
29、rdsintendersformajorequipmentinFSPVplant85Table 4.4: Dataavailablefromtenderanddatatobecollectedbybidder87Table5.1:TotalelectricityinstalledcapacityinSriLankaasof202193Table5.2:TotalelectricityinstalledcapacityinBangladeshasofJan202395Table5.3:TotalelectricityinstalledcapacityinPakistanasofJune20229
30、6Table 4.5: KeydriversforfloatingsolarinSouthAsiancountries100ABBREVIATIONSACAlternatingCurrentADBAsianDevelopmentBankAsiaEDGEAsiaEnhancingDevelopmentandGrowththroughEnergyASTMASTMInternationalBHELBharatHeavyElectricalsLimitedBISBureauofIndianStandardsBoSBalanceofSystemCAPEXCapitalExpenditureCEACent
31、ralElectricityAuthorityCEBCeylonElectricityBoardC日GChiefElectricalInspectortoGovernmentCERCCentralElectricityRegulatoryCommissionCODCommercialOperationDateZChemicaIOxygenDemandCPPIBCanadaPensionPlanInvestmentBoardCTUCentralTransmissionUtilityCUFCapacityUtilizationFactorCWCCentralWaterCommissionDCDir
32、ectCurrentDHDDaMiHydropowerJointStockCompanyDISCOMsDistributionCompaniesDNVDetNorskeVeritasDPPADirectPowerPurchaseAgreementDVCDamodarValleyCorporationEGATElectricityGeneratingAuthorityofThailandEPCEngineering,procurement,andconstructionE&SEnvironmentandSocialESCAPEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaan
33、dthePacificESIAEnvironmentalandSocialImpactAssessmentESMFEnvironmentandSocialManagementFrameworkESSEnvironmentalandSocialStandardsEVNVietnamElectricityFATFactoryAcceptanceTestFlFinancialIntermediariesFiPFeedinPremiumFiTFeedinTariffFoSFactorofSafetyFSPVFloatingSolarPhotovoltaicsFYFinancialYearGDPGros
34、sDomesticProductGHGGreenhouseGasesGISGeographicInformationSystemGolGovernmentofIndiaGPSGlobalPositioningSystemGVMCGreaterVisakhapatnamMunicipalCorporationGWGigaWattHDPEHighDensityPolyethyleneHPPHydropowerplantsHSEHealth,SafetyandEnvironmentIBAImportantBirdAreasICMBAImportantCoastalandMarineBiodivers
35、ityAreasIECInternationalElectrotechnicalCommissionIFIInternationalFinancialInstitutionIITIndianInstituteofTechnologyIPIngressProtectionIPPIndependentPowerProducerIREDAIndianRenewableEnergyDevelopmentAgencyLimitedIRENAInternationalRenewableEnergyAgencyISAInternationalSolarAllianceIUCNInternationalUni
36、onforConservationofNatureIVNInstituteforNatureEducationandSustainabilityJRlJapanResearchInstituteKSEBKeralaStateElectricityBoardLCOELevelizedcostofenergyLNGLiquefiedNaturalGasMETIMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustryMNREMinistryofNewandRenewableEnergyMoEFCCMinistryofEnvironmentForest&ClimateChangeMOITM
37、inistryofIndustryandTradeMoPMinistryofPowerMoUMemorandumofUnderstandingMPWRDMadhyaPradeshWaterResourcesDepartmentNDANon-disclosureagreementNETRANTPCEnergyTechnologyResearchAllianceNGTNationalGreenTribunalNHPCNationalHydroPowerCorporationNISENationalInstituteofSolarEnergyNRELNationalRenewableEnergyLa
38、boratoryNSMNationalSolarMissionO&MOperation&MaintenanceOMPLONGCMangalorePetrochemicalsLimitedONGCOilandNaturalGasCorporationOPEXOperatingExpensePGCILPowerGridCorporationofIndiaLimitedPHpowerofHydrogenPPAPowerPurchaseAgreementPPEPersonalProtectiveEquipmentPMCProjectManagementConsultancyPSAPowerSaleAg
39、reementPVPhotovoltaicQA/QCQualityAssuranceZQuaIityControlQAPQualityAssurancePlanR&DResearch&DevelopmentRERenewableEnergyRESCORenewableEnergyServiceCompanyRGCCPPRajivGandhiCombinedCyclePowerPlantRoWRightofWayRUMSLRewaUltraMegaSolarLimitedSAARCSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperationSAREHSouthAsiaR
40、egionalEnergyHubSBIStateBankofIndiaSCADASupervisoryControlandDataAcquisitionSCGSiamCementGroupSDE+StimulationofSustainableEnergyProductionandClimateTransitionSEACSolarEnergyApplicationCentreSEBStateElectricityBoardSECISolarEnergyCorporationofIndiaLimitedSERCStateElectricityRegulatoryCommissionSOPSta
41、ndardOperatingProcedureSTUStateTransmissionUtilityTERITheEnergyandResourcesInstituteTPPThermalPowerPlantTWTeraWattUSAIDUnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopmentUVUltravioletVGFViabilityGapFundingWAPDAWater&PowerDevelopmentAuthorityWB/WBGWorldBank/WorldBankGroupEXECUTIVESUMMARYDevelopingcountries
42、,inordertoavoidtheworstconsequencesofachangingclimateareidentifying,assessing,anddeployingrenewableenergysolutionsatscalethatcanfacilitateinfulfillingtheirclimateanddevelopmentobjectives.Thisistransformativeforcountriesthataredependentoncostlyenergyimportsandareexposedtobothpricevolatilityandenergys
43、ecurityriskifthefuelsupplyispartiallyorfullydisrupted These fuel supply disruptions could be caused by regional conflicts, geopolitical tensions or the financial situation of local utilities - all of which undermine economic growth and development objectives.Withinthisframeofreference,thedevelopinge
44、conomiesareincorporatingavailable,reliableandaffordableresourcestopowertheireconomicactivitiesandmeettheirnationaldevelopmentobjectives For example, Indias envision to achieve net zero by 2070. The net zero commitment is buttressed by enterprising but ambitious near-term targets such as 500 GW of re
45、newables capacity. 50 percent of requirements to be met with renewables, one billion tonne reduction in cumulative emissions and 45 percent lower emissions intensity of gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030.Althoughrenewableenergyresourcesarewidelyavailableinmanydevelopingcountries,theyoftencannotbef
46、ullydevelopedandutilizedduetoavarietyoffactorsthatinclude,amongstothers,availabilityofsuitablelandparcels(largetractswithlittleornoundulations)forestablishingutilityscalesolarplantswhichhavelargespatialfootprints,alternateusesofavailablelandthatmayleadtounwarrantedland-energyconflicts,or,absenceoftechnicalknow-howandvaluechains.Theseimpedimentstoestablishinglargescalerenewableenergyprojects,thoughsignificant.makethemostcompellingcasefordevelopingcountriestowardsinstitutinganecosystemthatsupportstheinstallationandoperationalizationoffloatingsolarphotovoltaic(PV)plants(FSPV).AnF
