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1、StateofGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance2023InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopmentEarthNegotiationsBulletinIISD您F，,Nr；(-IletinEditedbyJenAllan,PhDContributingauthors:ElenaKosolapova,PhDJessicaTempleton,PhD1.ynnWagner,PhDStateofGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance2023InternationalInstituteforSustainabl
2、eDevelopmentEarthNegotiationsBulletinHSD您BxthNegotiatiorwBulletinEditedbyJenAllan,PhDContributingauthors:ElenaKosolapova,PhDJessicaTempleton,PhD1.ynnWagner,PhD2024InternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopmentPublishedbytheInternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopmentInternationalInstituteforSust
3、ainableDevelopmentHeadOffice1111.ombardAvenue,Suite325Winnipeg,ManitobaCanadaR3B0T4Tel:+1(204)958-7700Website:iisd.org:IISD_newsTheInternationalInstituteforSustainableDevelopment(USD)isanaward-winningindependentthinktankworkingtoacceleratesolutionsforastableclimate,sustainableresourcemanagement,andf
4、aireconomies.Ourworkinspiresbetterdecisionsandsparksmeaningfulactiontohelppeopleandtheplanetthrive.Weshinealightonwhatcanbeachievedwhengovernments,businesses,non-profits,andcommunitiescometogether.IISD,sstaffofmorethan200expertscomefromacrosstheglobeandfrommanydisciplines.WithofficesinWinnipeg,Genev
5、a,Ottawa,andToronto,ourworkaffectslivesinnearly100countries.USDisaregisteredcharitableorganizationinCanadaandhas501(c)(3)statusintheUnitedStates.USDreceivescoreoperatingsupportfromtheProvinceofManitobaandprojectfundingfromgovernmentsinsideandoutsideCanada,UnitedNationsagencies,foundations,theprivate
6、sector,andindividuals.EarthNegotiationsBulletinWebsite:enb.iisd.org:IISD_ENBEarthNegotiationsBulletin(ENB)isatrustedsourceofinformationaboutglobalenvironmentalnegotiations.Itprovidesavarietyofmultimediainformationalresourcesforsustainabledevelopmentpolicymakers,includingdailycoverageofinternationaln
7、egotiations,analyses,andphotos.ENBisrecognizedforitsobjectivityandexpertiseininternationalenvironmentandsustainabledevelopmentpolicy.ThevariousproductsprovidedbyENBmakeitanessentialsourceofinformationforgovernmentofficials,decisionmakers,UNstaff,nongovernmentalorganizations,intergovernmentalorganiza
8、tions,business,andacademia.StateofGlobalEnvironmentalGovernance2023March2024EditedbyJenAllan,PhDContributingauthors:ElenaKosolapova,PhD,JessicaTempleton,PhD,1.ynnWagner,PhDCoverPhoto:MikeMuzurakisPhotoCredits:MikeMuzurakis,KiaraWorth,andAnastasiaRodopoulouAmbassadorPeterThomson,UNSecretary-GeneraKsS
9、pecialEnvoyfortheOcean(IISD/ENBAnastasiaRodopoulou)ForewordAttheendof2023,1wrotethesewordsinanarticleforTIMEmagazine,Overthelasttwoyears,apositivewaveofoceanactionhasbeensweepingaroundtheplanet.Itisawaveuponwhichhopecanridewithgrowingconfidence.Itsmomentumisthemostpowerfulopportunitywehavetoimproveh
10、umanity,srelationshipwiththeOCeanJWhyisitincumbentuponustoimprovethatrelationship?Fortheanswertothatquestion,weneedonlyrepeatthedailymantra:wtherecanbenohealthyplanetwithoutahealthyocean,andtheocean,shealthiscurrentlymeasurablyindecline.,1.etuspresumewe,reallmoderatelyawareoftheelementsofthedeclinet
11、hatwe,remeasuring,beitwarming,acidification,pollution,harmfulfisheriespractices,risingsealevels,deathofcoral.thelistgoeson.Theincumbentdemandarisesfromthefactthat,inthemain,alloftheseelementsofdeclinearecausedbytheactivitiesofhumankind.Andthen,whatisthatpositivewave,andhowcanwejoinwithhopeinridingit
12、?Well,whowouldhavethoughtthatatatimewheninternationalpoliticalrelationshavebeenatsuchacyclicallow,thatinternationalconsensushasbeenachievedonsometrulytransformationalenvironmentalmeasures.1.efslookatjustthreeofthoseconsensusagreements.Firstly,thehighseastreaty,orBBNJ,agreedtoattheUNlastyear,covers50
13、%oftheplanet,ssurfaceandbringstotheoceanthepromiseofgoodgovernance,withsustainability,conservation,andequityatthefore.Beforethat,fromtheConventiononBiologicalDiversity(CBD),s15thmeetingoftheConferenceoftheParties(COP15),cametheKunming-MontrealGlobalBiodiversityFramework,whichamongstmanygame-changing
14、environmentaltargets,providesforprotectionof30%oftheplanetby2030.Andthenwewitnessedthe28thsessionoftheConferenceofthePartiestotheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCCCOP28)inDubaiagreewemustallnowtransitionawayfromtheburningoffossilfuelsandtripleourinvestmentsinrenewableenergy.Tokeepthemomentu
15、mofthiswaverollingthroughtroubledtimes,Weneedtopayattentiontowhatindividualsandorganizationscandothroughourvariouscompetenciesandnetworks.Twogoodexampleswouldbethatthehighseastreatyneedstoberatifiedwithoutdelaytobringitintoforce.Andsecondly,attheWorldTradeOrganizationinGeneva,whilegoodprogresshasbee
16、nmadeonbanningharmfulfisheriessubsidies,muchmoreworkremainstobedonetoremovesubsidiesthatallowtheovercapacityofindustrialfishingfleetsand,thereby,theperpetuationofgrossoverfishing.Thedetrimentalimpactofanthropogenicpollutionontheoceanisinevidencearoundtheworld.Beitthroughplastics,microplastics,fertil
17、izerandpesticiderunoffs,sewage,chemicals,oroilspills,wemustdomuchbetterincontrollingmarinepollution.IlookforwardtothewaveofoceanactionbuildingfurtherafterUNEnvironmentalAssembly(UNEA)inNairobiandatTheEconomistsWorldOceanSummitin1.isbon,where,onbothoccasions,marinepollutionwillbeprominentlyfeatured.M
18、eanwhile,SustainableDevelopmentGoal(SDG)14.4remainsworryinglyunfulfilled.Thistargettacklesillegalfishing,harmfulfishingpractices,andoverfishing,andvenodoubtitwillbeasubjectofintenseinterestatthethirdUNOceanConferenceinNice,France,9-13June2025.Inpreparationforthatmilestoneevent,inconcertwiththeGovern
19、mentoftheSolomonIslands,FAO,andtheForumFisheriesAgency,mhelpingorganizetheHoniaraSummittobeheld22-24Julythisyear,withaviewtoexamininghowtheworldcanimproveonitsdeliveryofSDG14.4.Happily,oceanscienceisreceivingmoreattentionnowthanatanyothertimeinhumanhistory.Atatimeofglobalclimatecrisis,thisisasitshou
20、ldbe,forwehavemajordecisionsloomingaheadofusinrelationtoplanetaryconditions.TheStateoftheOceanReportissuedbyIOC-UNESCOin2022saidthatthequantitativedescriptionoftheoceanisdrasticallyincomplete,andasaresult,currentknowledgeisinsufficienttoefiectivelyinformsolutionstotheoceanthathumanityisfacing.Itisth
21、usthatwemustattachgreatimportancetotheoutcomesoftheUNOceanDecadeConferencebeingheldinBarcelonainAprilthisyear.Beforeclosing,pleaseallowmetothankUSDforitsworkoverthedecades.ThosereadingtheEarthNegotiationsBulletinforthefirsttimeshouldknowthatmanylegionsofseasoneddiplomatsandconference-goershavebenett
22、edfromthebalancedreportingofUSDovertheyearsandhaveaccordedithighrespectthroughout.AmbassadorPeterThomsonUNSecretary-GeneraKsSpecialEnvoyfortheOceanTableofContents1.etterfromtheEditor1TheYearataGlance5ReachingMilestones5FundingImplementation10MissedOpportunities12TakingStockin202315ChemicalPollution1
23、5SustainableDevelopment16Agriculture17ClimateChange19Biodiversity21Geopolitics231.ookingto202427Anenvironmentalactivistinterruptsahigh-leveleventatUNFCCCCOP28.UNsecurityescortedherout.(IISD/ENBMikeMuzurakis)1.etterfromtheEditorIn2023,theworldreturnedtoolder,ColdWar-likepatternswithdecidedlymoderntwi
24、sts.TherewasconsiderablespeculationtheworldwasslippingintoanewCOldWarrifewithconflict.WarsopenlyragedinUkraine,theGazaStrip,theSudan,Syria,andmanyothers.Withsomanyconicts,humanitarianworkersinSudanaskedifallieswereforgettingabouttheIargeSthumandisplacementCriSiSintheworld.NATOwasseendustingoffmilita
25、ryplansthatreectedCOkiWarstrategies.TheInternationalMonetaryFundaskedhowtoDreSerVeeconomicCOOPerationamidgeopoliticaltensionsandarockyeconomicrecovery.Wehavesimilarquestionsaboutenvironmentalcooperation(seeSection3).Artificialintelligencecausedexistentialworries.Anopenlettersignedbyleadersinthesecto
26、rcalledfora6-monthmoratorium.OtherresearcherssaidtheonlysolutionwastoShUtAldown.Despitetheseworries,severalreportslookedtoAItohelpsolveglobalcrises.ResearchersconsideredAI,spotentialtoPrOteCtbiodiversityandSaVeendangeredspecies.AIallowedscientiststoSPeaktowhales.GooglespeculatedthatAICoUldreducegree
27、nhousegasemissions.Theclimate,biodiversity,andpollutioncrisescontinuetolmoverthesegeopoliticalandtechnologicalworries.Environmentalcrisescanexacerbatecon11ictandviceversa.Technologyreliesonastableenvironment.EverythingweVeputintheCloud”existsinaseriesofunderseacablesanddataprocessingcentrespronetona
28、turaldisasters.2023wasayearofanxiety.Themultiplejoined-upcrisesleftmanyofusfeelingsmallinthewakeofenormous,seeminglyintractableproblems.Perhapsthat,swhyTikTokOVertOoktheBBCaspeople,smainnewssource:wemaybeonlyabletohandle3minutesofbadnewsatatime.Modernanxietiesaboutthegrowingpolycrisiswmaybeparticula
29、rlyacuteamongyoungpeople.Oxford,sChildrensWOrdOftheYearfn2023wasclimatechange,withmanykidscitingthenewsasthesourceoftheirworries.Whileyouthareincreasinglyconsideredamoralvoiceacrossmanyenvironmentalissues,Ihopetheydon,tfallpreytotheparalysisandapathythatcancomefromtheconstantdripofdoomandgloom.Anewg
30、roupofyoungpeoplestartedtheirtermsintheUNYoUthAdViSOryGrOUPin2023.Asinpreviousyears,wehopetheenergyandmoralcaseyoungpeoplebringcanprovokechangeinthosecurrentlyinpower.Inthesummer,IconstantlyrefreshedBritishColumbia,sgovernmentwildfireappastheDonnieCreekwildfireragedlessthan100kmfrommybrothers,homes,
31、leavingIaStillgProblemSfortheChalTeclland.ItwasthefirstFigure1.CryospheretippingpointsSubseaPermafrostArcticWinhrSeaIceMountainGlaocrsArcticSummerSeal1.noPfrmafrmtGrccniandIckSheet+BakfsSeaceSeaIceMarineDAsINSEastntWui*AniarcikIceSheet+NonmarineEastAntarcticaTiDDinaSyaem(COnfidenCeIeVeD+BYes(High)Ye
32、(Medium)+Yes(1.ow)Vunclear-NO(1.OW)0.N。(Medium)三NO(High)旺Global-scaletippingRegional-scaletippingSource:TheGlObalTiPPinRPOintSRePOrt2023.Note:The+andmarkersindicatetheGlobalTippingPointReportauthors*confidencethatthesystemhasatippingpoint.ofthe“mega-fires”intheCanadian2023fireseasonandoneofmanyinaye
33、arofintenseglobalWildfireactivity.ForestfirespartlycausedSoUtheaStAsiasregionalhazeandsparkedregionaltensions.Inafierce2023twist,climatechangefuelledthesefires,andthesefiresfuelledCIimatechange.Acrosstheboard,2023wasasoberingyearforthoseworriedabouttheenvironment.Evenscientistsweresurprisedbytherate
34、ofdegradation.Biodiversitylosswas“significantlymorealarmingthanfirstthought.FiVemajorCIimatetippingpoints,well,tipped(seeFigure1).Sadly,someglacialicefindsitswaytoCOCktaiISinDubai.Inresponse,IIatUralSCientiStS-thosewhothinkaboutatmosphericconcentrationsandclimate-oceaninteractionsurgednationalandglo
35、balpoliticstomovefasterandfurther.Welearnedalotin2023abouthowwellglobalpoliticalresponsesarefaring.Severaltreatybodiesundertookperformancereviews,whichwecoverinSection2.WhiletheSDGSummitrevealedthesorrystateoftheGoals,notallnewswasgrim.Someoftheworld,smostdangerouschemicals,persistentorganicpollutan
36、ts(POPs),aredecliningintheenvironmentandourbodies.Therewereotherwinsin2023,includingonchemicalsandmarinelifeininternationalwaters.WereviewthehighsandlowsofabusyyearinSection1.Behindbigheadlines,thereissignificantprogress.TheInternationalEnergyAgencypredictedrenewablesandnuclearenergywilldisplacefoss
37、ilfuelsandCOVerthegrowthinenergydemand.Thispredictionisbasedonnational-levelwins.Theever-optimisticPrOgreSSPlaybOokreportshowChile,senergymixwas63%renewablein2023.Portugalachieved75%forthefirsthalfof2023;Spainkeptupthe75%benchmarkfor11months.Chinaaddedmorerenewableenergyin2023thantheworlddidin2022.S
38、olarandwindovertookcoalforthefirsttimeintheUnitedStates,aquickreal-worldsuccessfortheInHationReductionAct.Despitetheneedforrapidaction,therearealsoremindersoftheneedtoproceedwithcare:scientistsareconcernedthatsomeoffshorewindinstallationscouldharmmarineIifeintheU.S.NantucketShoals.Figure2.ENBmeeting
39、so2017201820192020202120222023Source:Author,scalculations.Willthisnational-levelprogressleadtoglobalambition?2024hasmajormilestonesahead.WepreviewthesetoroundoutthisreportinSection4.Weknowit,safboserrandtopredictglobalenvironmentalgovernance,butweliketogiveitatry.Unlikeotherglobalissues,theoutcomeso
40、fenvironmentalcooperationarenevercertainbeforethelastgavelfallstocloseameeting.AndWestillhavesomuchtoleam.TheNaturalHistoryMuseumdescribedarecord815newSPeCieSin2023.Thephotosinspireaweinourworld.Myfavouriteisthenewleaf-tailedgecko.Ihope2024willhaveevenmoreawe-andactionforourplanet.2SVHdlIoaPSiiquaTo
41、p:DemonstratorsurgedelegatesinDubaitoacceleratetheenergytransition.(IISD/ENBMikeMuzurakis)Bottom:MorianaPhilip,MarshallIslands,criesattheclosingplenaryofUNFCCCCOP28.(USD/ENBIMikeMuzurakis)TheYearataGlance2023sawthelastoftheCOVIDpandemic-delayedmilestonescompleted.Countriesadoptedmajordecisionstoimpr
42、oveglobalchemicalsmanagementandprotectmarinelifeininternationalwaters.Butmostoftheyearwasaboutmakingalltheseruleswork.Acrossnearlyallissueareas,thefocuswasfundingimplementationandreviewingperformance.Therewasalotofstocktaking.TheworldassessedprogresstowardtheSDGsatthemid-pointinimplementingthe2030Ag
43、enda.Thefirstglobalstocktake(GST)ofclimateactionconcludedinDubai.Thestateofouragrifoodandwatersystemsalsogotattention.ReachingMilestonesThelasttwomilestonesduein2020finallycrossedthefinishlinein2023.Thedelaywasnotentirelyduetothepandemic.Therewerealsoproceduraldelaysandpoliticaldividestoovercome.InS
44、eptember,theInternationalConferenceonChemicalsManagementadoptedtheGlObalFrameWOrkOnChemicals.ItsucceedstheStrategicApproachtoInternationalChemicalsManagement,whichhashelpedguidechemicalusesince2006.1.ikeitspredecessor,thenewframeworktakesamultistakeholderapproach.Governmentswillworkalongsideintergov
45、ernmentalorganizations,theprivatesector,civilsociety,andotherstakeholderstosupportchemicalaction.Theywillhavetoworkhard.Theframeworkincludes28goals,includingpreventingorminimizingtheadverseeffectsofchemicalsthroughouttheirlifecycle(seeTable1).TheMinamataConventionagreedtoPhaSeOUtmercuryinCOSmetiCSby
46、2025.It,spartofabroadertrendinchemicalstoaddresstheproductsthatweuseineverydaylife,fromcookwaretocosmetics.ThenegotiationsforaDlaStiCStreatyfeaturedrepeatedcallstoreduce,orphaseout,harmfulchemicaladditivesinplastics.Smallislandstatesputforwardthispointmoststrongly,giventhevolumeofplasticswashingupon
47、theirshores.CountriesalsocompletedtheinternationallegallybindinginstrumentontheconservationandsustainableuseofmarinebiologicaldiversityOfareasbeyondnationaljurisdiction(BBNJ).Understandably,theUNisreferringtothisastheBiodiversityBeyondNationalJurisdictionAgreement.WeVetrackedtheBBNJprocessfromthebeg
48、inningofFebrUary2006.Aftersolong,littlewonderthatitwasdubbedatriumphOfmultilateralism.”Table1.High-levelSUmmarVOftheGIobalFrameWorkOnChemiCaISTargetDeadlineResponsibilityStrategicObjectiveA:1.egalframeworks,institutionalmechanisms,andcapacitiessupportandachievethesafeandsustainablemanagementofchemicalsthroughouttheirlifecycle.Al:Adopt,implement,andenforcelegalframeworks.Establishappropriateinstitutionalcapacitytopreventorminimizeadverseeffectsasappropriatefortheirnationalcircumstances.2030GovernmentsA2:Developguidelinestosupportinterestedgov
