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1、JUNE29,2023Pzoual11soosQo=qndNexttoabrokenbridgeinSittwe,inMyanmarsRakhinestate,washedashorefishingboatsarepiledup.Source:SaiAungMain/AFP.PaZ一一0namsoosQo=qndExtremelySevereCyclonicStormMOCha,May2023,Myanmar:GlobalRapidPost-DisasterDamageEstimation(GRADE)ReportDisclaimerThisworkisaproductofthestaffof
2、TheWorldBankwithexternalcontributions.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofTheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.Theboundaries,colors,denomina
3、tions,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartofTheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank1818HStreetNWWashingtonDC20433Telephone:Internet:ementsThisr
4、eportwaspreparedbyateamledbyRashminGunasekera(Urban,DisasterRiskManagementResilienceand1.andGlobalPractice-GPUR1.zWorldBank).TheteamcomprisesofJamesDaniell,AntoniosPomonis,JoshuaMacabuag,JohannesBrand,BramkaArgaJafinozJensdeBruijnzDianaCubas,RoberthRomerozAungNaingOozandKerriCoxoftheGFDRR,sGlobalPro
5、gramforDisasterRiskAnalyticsandtheWorldBanksGPUR1.DisasterResilienceAnalyticsandSolutions(D-RAS)team.TheteamwassupportedbytheGFDRRGlobalProgramfortheDisasterandFCVNexus(D-FCV),comprisingofKarimaBenBihzKatiePeters,and1.ara1.oussert.ThisWorldBankengagementintheEastAsiaandPacific(EAP)RegionwasledbyJola
6、ntaKryspin-WatsonwithsupportfromKhinAyeYeezDixiMengote-Quah(EAPUrban/DisasterRiskManagement-DRM),andSutirthaSinhaRoy(EAPPovertyandEquity),ValensMwumvaneza(EAPAgricultureandFood),KemoMansaray(EAPMacroeconomics,TradeandInvestment),andKimAllanEdwards(EAPEquitableGrowth,FinanceandInstitutions);withguida
7、nceprovidedbyMingZhang(PracticeManager,EAPUrban/DRM).TheteamisgratefulforcollaborationandinputsfromUNDPandMIMUteamincluding:OanaMihai,ShonCampbell,KyawZeyaHtunzandothers.TheteamisalsogratefulfortheJust-In-TimefinancialsupportoftheGlobalFacilityforDisasterReductionandRecovery(GFDRR).AbbreviationsNDMC
8、:D-RAS:FAO:GAD:GPUR1.GRADE:MIMU:MOA1.I:PDNA:NationalDisasterManagementCommitteeDisaster-ResilienceAnalytics&SolutionsTeam,WorldBankGroupFoodandAgricultureOrganisationoftheUnitedNationsGeneralAdministrativeDepartmentUrban,DisasterRiskManagement,Resilienceand1.andGlobalPracticeGlobalRApidpost-disaster
9、DamageEstimationMyanmarInformationManagementUnitMyanmarMinistryofAgriculture1.ivestockandIrrigationPost-DisasterNeedsAssessmentContentsAcknowledgements3Abbreviations3ExecutiveSummary5KeyFindings5EstimatedDamages61Introduction811Eventdescription81.2Impacts91.2.1 DamagereportsinRakhineState101.2.2 Dam
10、agereportsinotherstates/regions141.2.3 Additionalinformation161 4Conflictexacerbateddisasterriskandimpacts172 AThehistoricalcontextoftropicalcyclonesinMyanmar193 Methodologyandresults2271Exposure222.2Methodologyadopted24?4Estimateddamages2524Socio-economicvulnerabilityconsiderations292.4.1 Multidime
11、nsionalpovertyandstructuralvulnerabilityofMyanmarhouseholds292.4.2 ExposureofsociallyvulnerablehouseholdstoCycloneMocha31qInterpretationofresults324Conclusions34Annex 1 -Methodology36Annex 2 -GRADEDataSummary39Annex 3 -ImpactsOftropicalcyclones/stormsaffectingMyanmar(1968to2022)42ExecutiveSummaryGiv
12、enthefragileandconflict-affectedsituationwithlimitedaccessinMyanmar,theWorldBankhasadoptedtheGlobalRApidpost-disasterDamageEstimation(GRADE)methodologytoestimatedamagesarisingfromCycloneMocha.GRADEisaremote,desktopanalysistoestimatedamagetocapitalstock.ThisreportsummarizestheresultsoftheGRADEGlobalR
13、Apidpost-disasterDamageEstimation(GRADE)approachdevelopedattheWorldBankandconductedbytheUrban,DisasterRiskManagement,Resilienceand1.andGlobalPractice(GPUR1.)Disaster-ResilienceAnalytics&Solutions(D-RAS)KnowledgeSiloBreaker(KSB).Themethodologyaimstoaddressspecificdamageinformationneedsinthefirstweeks
14、afteramajordisaster.Fordetailsofthemethodologysee:conductedtoassessdamagesfollowingtheimpactofExtremelyseverecyclonicstormThisterminologyfollowstheclassificationoftropicalcyclonesintheWMOregionaltropicalcyclonebodies.Availablefrom:accessed18/06/2023MochainMyanmarduringMay2023.KeyFindings TotalDamage
15、s:ThemedianestimateoftotaldirectdamagescausedbyCycloneMochaisUS$2.24billion,equivalentto3.4%ofMyanmarsGDPin2021.Thisincludesdamagestoresidentialandnon-residentialbuildingsandcontents,agriculture,andinfrastructure. OutputDefinition:Economicimpactsarereportedintermsofcapitaldamages,estimatedviatheGRAD
16、Emethodology. AffectedSectors:Basedondamagesestimatedfromreportedimpacts,theresidentialhousingsectoristhehardesthit,followedbynon-residentialbuildingsandinfrastructure,andthenagriculture. SpatialDistribution:Over80%ofthedamagesoccurredinRakhineandSagaing.Rakhinewastheworstaffected,withapproximately1
17、.2millionpeopleacrosssevendistrictsand17townshipsimpacted.InternallyDisplacedPersons(IDPs)campsacrossRakhineState,weredevastatedbythestorm,leadingtomanydeaths. PointsofInterest:（八）ThecyclonecausedsignificantdamagestofiveStates/Regionsinthewestandnorthwesternpartofthecountry:Rakhine,Sagaing,Magway,Ma
18、ndalay,andChin;(b)TheprimarysourceofdamagefromCycloneMochainRakhineStatewaswindwhileinMagwayandSagaingregionstherewasalsosignificantflooding;(c)Infrastructureacrosstheaffectedregionssufferedextensivedamage,includinghealthfacilities,schools,communicationnetworks,andtransportationsystems;(d)Theongoing
19、conflictinseveralregions,particularlyinRakhineState,hasexacerbatedtheimpactsofthecycloneandislikelytoimpacttheresponseandrecoveryprocess.Thispost-disasterdamageestimationeffortprovidesausefulinitialestimateofthedamagesandeconomicimpactcausedbyCycloneMochainMyanmarandcouldcontributeandcomplementaddit
20、ionaldamageandlossassessmentsinvolvinggroundevaluationstoplananddesignrecoveryplanningandreconstruction.Residentialbuildings,non-residentialbuildingsandinfrastructuredamagesareestimatedviatheGRADEmethodology.Publishednational-levelandstate/township-leveldamagereportsfromlocalsourceshavebeenusedforth
21、emodel(seeAnnex2fordetailedreferences).Datahasbeencross-checkedwithgeoreferencedimagesandfootagefrommainstreamandsocialmedia,andreportsfromotheragenciesandorganizations.Forresidentialbuildings,non-residentialbuildingsandinfrastructure,theanalysesatthispointevaluateonlyphysicaldamagetocapitalstockand
22、donotcovertheeconomicflowlosses(e.g.,costsofbusinessinterruption).Agriculturaldamagesandlossesareestimatedbasedonthedisaggregation,quantification,andvaluesofcropsfromthe2021StatisticalYearbookandpreviousagriculturalcensuses;combinedwithcurrentyieldestimatesfromstateanddistrictagriculturaldepartments
23、.Agriculturallossesincludedamageandproductionlosses.EstimatedDamagesThecostofdirectdamagestobuildings,infrastructure,andagriculturefromCycloneMochaareestimatedatUS$2.24billion.Thisisequivalenttoapproximately3.4%ofMyanmarzS2021GDP.Theestimationincludesdamagesduetowind,flooding,stormsurgeandlandslides
24、toresidentialandnon-residentialbuildings(includingbuildingcontents),aswellasdamagestoagricultureandinfrastructuresector.Table1showsthebreakdownofthebestestimateofdirecteconomicdamagesinMyanmarbysectorandbyStateorRegion,andasawholefortheevent.Thereissomeuncertaintyaroundtheestimates,duetoincompleteda
25、magestatisticswhichwerecompensatedforbyusingmodellingmethods.TheanalysesatthispointevaluateonlyphysicaldamagetocapitalstockanddonotcoverthelossesasperPDNAThePost-DisasterNeedsAssessment(PDNA)isaninternationallyacceptedmethodologyfordeterminingthephysicaldamages,economiclosses,andcostsofmeetingrecove
26、ryneedsafteranaturaldisasterthroughagovernment-ledprocess.definition(e.g.,businessinterruption),exceptforagriculture.Thedamagestobuildings(residentialandnon-residential)includebuildingcontents.Itisestimatedthatmorethan70%ofthetotaldamagesoccurredinRakhineState.Damagestohousingandnon-residentialbuild
27、ingsandtheircontentsaccountforover49%and18%ofthetotalrespectively,whiledamagestoinfrastructureandagricultureaccountforunder22%and11%ofthetotalrespectively.Table1Estimateofthebreakdownofthecapitaldamagesinabsolutevalues(inUS$millions).Thecoloredbarsindicatetherelativeseverityofthesectorsdamagesineach
28、state/region.States/RegionsResidentialNon-ResidentialInfrastructureAgricultureTotalRakhine89833129499工522Sagaing74288368254Magway78315733198Mandalay18530963Chin241010550Bago8381130Ayeyarwady314714Shan1O236OtherStates21237Total1O74104902372,244Toderivethecapitaldamages,theanalysishastakenintoconsider
29、ationobservationalandhistoricalinformationintheregion.PublisheddamagereportsfromMay12thtoJune8thhavebeenusedfrom,amongothers,theNationalDisasterManagementCommittee(NDMC)andMinistryofHumanitarianAffairsandDisasterManagement(MOHADM)agencies,aswellasotherstateandtownshipleveldatafromnewsreportsandpubli
30、cagenciesreportingThecompletelistofsourcesispresentedinAnnex2.Thishasbeencross-checkedwithgeoreferencedimagesandfootagefrommainstreamandsocialmediazandfloodfootprintsderivedfromsatelliteimageryandflowgaugedatafromMyanmarsDepartmentofMeteorologyandHydrology(DMH).Thespatialdistributionoftotalcapitalda
31、magesisshowninFigure5andFigure6(Section2.3).ThegreatestdamageshaveoccurredinRakhineStateandSagaingRegion,whichtogetheraccountfornearly84%ofthetotalaccumulateddamages.Rakhine,astheStatethatwashitthehardestexperiencedatotaldamagethatamountedtoalmost30%ofitstotalcapitalstock.GFDRR族&NK1IntroductionIlEve
32、ntdescriptionExtremelyseverecyclonicstormMochamadelandfallasaCategory4-equivalentcycloneintheSaffir-SimpsonhurricanewindscaleonSundayMay14,2023zat07:07UTC(14:07localtime)aroundSittwecityzthecapitalofRakhineState,Myanmar(seeFigure1).ItwasoneofthestrongestcycloneseverrecordedinMyanmar,approachingtheco
33、astwith3-minutesustainedwindsof215km/handgustsofupto305km/h,beforecontinuinginlandandaffectingcommunitieswithwindsandheavyrainonMay15th.Strongwinds,heavyrainfallandstormsurgeassociatedwiththecycloneaffectedMyanmarandpartsofBangladesh.WhilstintheBayofBengaloffthenorthwesternMyanmarshoresandaround250k
34、msouthwestofSittwe,CycloneMochawasthestrongestcycloneinthe2023NorthIndianOceancycloneseasonsofar.Simultaneously,CycloneMocha,alongwithExtremelySevereCyclonicStormFaniofApril2019(whichaffectedtheIndianstatesofOdishaandAndhraPradesh),wasthestrongeststormeverrecordedintheNorthIndianOceanintermsof1-minu
35、tesustainedwinds.EmergencyResponseCoordinationCentre(ERCC)-DGECHODailyMap15/05/2023Myanmar,BangladeshTropicalCycloneMOCHA命婴INDIAmajid1.(BANG1.ADESH)(B*NGUdSM)TTOpkaIcycloneSsaroi-Ak*WCuctposecn,ForecasttmckPawtfKk63km/hTropesdpmsond63-118km/hYTro*ftorm119-265k11VtTropealCyCioneRainfallaccumulatonove
36、rtheentiretrackll-lSMy5Ol*2Omn251-SOOmm1O125Omm251mmStormsuroe*2mFooddfover1214MeyRb3ACMSMicectITI热J*y44j4Ia-“一CexrM9WMSftyrsChaHBracbvationMyAnmarAXfirBAngIadHhfijJ11G*cswtCmfbrRohrcyarfutCtear11idh),cfnpforJnttmalyUscPfoc!DP(Mn11wAdnwvstJativedivbnbeundM-COuncrybcundMyD*i*fAk4UknaC)Hfmm*m三hfn4VcMr
37、*11w11*rtJnps.EuwanUnoc2022MappodedbytJRCTbeZborriarAndftme.thownorMm&rtfneMccmeetOrxytarrebytFigure1:ThestormtrackofCycloneMochashowingitslandfallinMyanmaron14May2023(Source:DGEcho).CycloneMochaoriginatedfromalow-pressureareathatwasfirstnotedonMay8thjustwestofthesouthernmostpartoftheNicobarIslands.
38、Afterconsolidatingintoadepression,thestormtrackedslowlynorthtonorthwestwardacrosstheBayofBengal.Afterreachingthemiddleofthebay,itmadeaturnnorth-northeastwards,rapidlyintensifyingandmovingfastertowardsnorthwesternMyanmarreachingCategory5-equivalentintensityintheearlymorningofMay14thwithwindsof280km/h
39、.Atthatpoint,CycloneMochawasalargestormwithasymmetricaleyeabout37kmwide.AsitapproachedtheshoresofnorthwestMyanmarandmovedinland,MochaweakenedveryrapidlyandwasnolongerconsideredatropicalstormsystemonMay15th.Alongwithstrongwinds,CycloneMocha,spassageledtoheavyrainfallthatcausedseverefloodsandlandslide
40、s.AccordingtotheDMH,severalmeteorologicalstationsreceivedrecordrainfallsonMay14th.ChaukTowninMagwayRegionregistered218mm(8.58in).Thepreviousrecordwasonly97mm(3.82in).Sinbyugyuntown,alsolocatedintheMagwayRegion,reportedrecordrainfalltotalsof177mm(6.97in),alsowellabovethepreviousrecordtotalof98mm(3.86
41、In).ThecontinuousheavyraincausedtheAyeyarwadyRivertooverflowandfloodseveraltownshipsinMagway.BeforelandfallthousandsofvolunteersassistedpeoplelivingintheCycloneMochapathinevacuatingasthecycloneapproachedland.Evacuationswereorderedforlow-lyingareasinRakhine:Sittwe,PauktawzMyebonzMaungdaw,andButhidaun
42、g.AccordingtoreportsoftheMyanmarRedCrossSociety(MRCS)zmorethan137,000peoplewereevacuatedfromat-riskareaspriortoMochamakinglandfall,including18,800internallydisplacedpersons(IDPs)inRakhine.Roughly4,000evacuatedfromSittwe(2014censuspopulationofnearlyIOlzOOOinthecityproper,nearly148z000inSittwetownship
43、andnearly536,000inSittwedistrict-increasedinrecenttimesby140,000IDPslivingincampsaroundthecity)while20,000otherresidentssoughtrefugeinlocalshelters.Monasteries,pagodas,andschools,someofwhichwerepartiallydamagedbythecyclone,haveshelteredthousandsofpeople.Theauthoritiespreparationsforshelterstockpiled
44、toaccommodate100z000people.1.arge-scalesearchandrescueteamswereplacedonstandby,consistingof3,207personnelequippedwith1.oO9landand242watervehicles.DozensofmedicalpersonnelandrapidresponseteamsweredeployedtoRakhineandChin.Non-fooditemsformorethan10z000peoplewereprovisioned.12ImpactsAfterlandfall,asofM
45、ay15th,theStateAdministrationCouncil(SAC)declaredall17townshipsofRakhinestateasdisasteraffectedareasundersection11oftheNationalDisasterManagement1.aw.5AsimilarannouncementwasmadeforfourtownshipsinChinState(Tiddim,MatupizPaletwaandHakha)onMay16th.Inaddition,almost150,000peopleintheNorthwest(ChinState
46、,MagwayandSagaingRegions)wereheavilyaffected,aswellasasmallernumberinKachinandShanStates.ThedamagereportsbelowfromtheaffectedStates/RegionsdistrictsandtownshipprovideapartialoverviewofthedamageeffectsofCycloneMocha.ThemainsourcesforthiscompilationaretheUNOCHAFlashUpdates#4to#10(fromMay15-23,2023)and
47、UNOCHASituationReports#1to#3(fromMay25-June1,2023),theAHACentreSituationUpdates#2to#9(fromMay14-30,2023)aswellastheFederalRepublicofMyanmarzNationalDisasterManagementCommittee(NDMC)infographicsfromMay29toJune2,2023postedonthewebsiteoftheMinistryofSocialWelfare,ReliefandResettlement(MoSWRR).1.2.1 DamagereportsinRakhineStateApproximately1.2millionpeopleinallsevendistrictsand17townshipsinRakhineStatewereaffected,buttheworsteffectswereseenineighttownships(SittwezRathedaungzPonnangyunzPauktawzMrauk-U,Kyauktaw,MunaungandButhidaung)withthesouthern
