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11、ForewordxiAcknowledgmentsiiiMainMessagesxviiExecutiveSummaryxxxixAbbreviationsChapter!.TrackingProgressonWomen,s1.egalRights15Annex1A.SummariesofReforms19Chapter2.IntroducingWomen,Businessandthe1.aw2.0:TowardBetterMeasurementof1.aws,Policies,andPractices55Annex2A.Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0Questions
12、65Chapter3.Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0:TrendsEmergingfromDataAnalysisofNewMeasurementsWomen,Businessandthe1.aw2024isthe1Othinseriesofannualstudiesmeasuringthelawsthataffectwomen,seconomicopportunityin190economies.Thisyear,itpresentstwosetsofdata:Women,Businessandthe1.aw1.0andanexpandedversion,Women,
13、Businessandthe1.aw2.0.Women,Businessandthe1.aw1.0updatesitsindexofeightindicatorsstructuredaroundwomensinteractionswiththelawastheymovethroughtheirlivesandcareers:Mobility,Workplace,Pay,Marriage,Parenthood,Entrepreneurship,Assets,andPension.Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0presentsanewapproachtomeasurethe
14、implementationgapbetweenlaws一dejureandhowtheyfunctioninpractice-defacto.Itanalyzeslegalframeworks,supportiveframeworks,andexpertopinionsonthestatusofwomensrights.Indoingso,Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0introducestwonewindicatorsSafetyandChildcare-andrevisestheongoingindicators.Byexamininglawsaffectingt
15、heeconomicdecisionsthatwomenmakethroughouttheirworkinglives,theframeworkssupportingtheimplementationofthoselaws,andtheopinionsofexpertsonwomensoutcomes.Women,Businessandthe1.awcontinuestogathernewevidenceofthecriticalrelationshipbetweenlegalgenderequalityandwomen,seconomicempowermentDatainWomen,Busi
16、nessandthe1.aw2024arecurrentasofOctober1,2023.95Annex3A.Women,Businessandthe1.aw1.0and2.0Scores103AppendixA.DataNotesBoxesviiiES.1:FromWomen,Businessandthe1.aw1.0toWomen,Businessandthe1.aw2.02 1.1:AboutWomen,Businessandthe1.aw3 1.2:HowWomen,Businessandthe1.awinformstheWorldBanks2024-30GenderStrategy
17、:AccelerateGenderEqualitytoEndPovertyona1.ivablePlanet51 2.1:Expertopinionsquestions:Anexample104A.l:AssumptionsusedtoensurecomparabilityFiguresxixES.1:Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0introducesnewmeasurementstotrackglobalprogresstowardgenderequalityxxiES.2:Sub-SaharanAfricaandtheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica
18、showthelargestgapsinWB1.2.0legalframeworksscores,exceeding60pointsxxiiES3:Safety,Entrepreneurship,andChildcareindicatorshavethelargestlegalgapsiiES.4:ThelowestscoresforsupportiveframeworksareinSub-SaharanAfrica,followedbytheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaiiiES.5:Thelargestrangesinexpertopinionsscoresarewit
19、hintheEastAsiaandPacificandSouthAsiaregionsvES.6:EconomieswithhighscoresontheWB1.1.0legalindexcontinuetohavehighscoresontheWB1.2.0legalindexxxviES.7:Moregender-equallawsareassociatedwithbettersupportiveframeworksxxviiiES.8:Moregender-equallawsareassociatedwiththeperceptionofmorerightsforwomeninpract
20、icexxixES.9:SupportiveframeworkslagbehindlegalframeworksandexpertopinionsscoresacrossregionsandincomegroupsxxxES.10:In2022-23,18economiesenactedreformsacrossallWomen,Businessandthe1.aw1.0indicatorsBl.1.1:TheeightWomen,Businessandthe1.aw1.0indicators678112025282930313233343637401.1: Thelargestlegalga
21、psareintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaandSub-SaharanAfrica1.2: Gapsinscoresofmorethan60pointsarefoundacrossallincomegroups1.3: MostreformswereundertakeninSub-SaharanAfricaandlow-incomeeconomies1.4: In2022-23,18economiesenactedreformsacrossallWomen,Businessandthe1.aw1.0indicators2.1: Women,Businessandthe
22、1.aw2.0introducesnewmeasurementstotrackglobalprogresstowardgenderequality2.2: Safetylegalframeworksquestionsexaminelawsonchildmarriage,sexualharassment,domesticviolence,andfemicide2.3: Childcarelegalframeworksquestionsexaminelawsgoverningtheprovisionofcenter-basedchildcareservices2.4: Mobilitylegalf
23、rameworksquestionsexaminelawsaffectingwomen,sagencyandfreedomofmovement2.5: Workplacelegalframeworksquestionsexaminelawsaffectingwomen,sdecisionstowork2.6: Paylegalframeworksquestionsexaminelawsaffectingthegenderwagegap2.7: Marriagelegalframeworksquestionsexamineconstraintsinmarriageanddivorce2.8: P
24、arenthoodlegalframeworksquestionsexaminepaidleavepoliciesandprotectionsforpregnantworkers2.9: Entrepreneurshiplegalframeworksquestionsexaminelegalconstraintsonwomen,sabilitiestostartandrunabusiness2.10: Assetslegalframeworksquestionsexaminegenderdifferencesinpropertyandinheritancelaws2.11: Pensionle
25、galframeworksquestionsexaminelawsaffectingthesizeofawoman,spension2.12: Safetysupportiveframeworksquestionsexaminemechanismsimplementinglawsonchildmarriage,sexualharassment,domesticviolence,andfemicide414243444546474849546668697072732.13: Mobilitysupportiveframeworksquestionsexaminebureaucraticbarri
26、erstowomen,sagencyandfreedomofmovement2.14: Workplacesupportiveframeworksquestionsexaminemeasuresimplementinglawsaffectingwomen,sdecisionstowork2.15: 5:Paysupportiveframeworksquestionsexaminemeasuresimplementinglawsaffectingwomen,spay2.16: Marriagesupportiveframeworksquestionsexaminecourtsandprocedu
27、resinfamilylaw2.17: Parenthoodsupportiveframeworksquestionsexaminemeasuresimplementinglawsaffectingwomen,sworkuponthebirthofachild2.18: Childcaresupportiveframeworksquestionsexaminemechanismsimplementingchildcarelaws2.19: Entrepreneurshipsupportiveframeworksquestionsexamineprogramsanddatasupportingf
28、emaleentrepreneurs2.20: Assetssupportiveframeworksquestionsexaminemechanismsanddatatoimplementwomen,spropertyandinheritancerights2.21: Pensionsupportiveframeworksquestionsexaminepoliciesaimedatreducingthegenderpensiongap2.22: PathwaytothenewWomen,Businessandthe1.aw2.0index3.1: ThenewWomen,Businessan
29、dthe1.aw2.0approachgoesbeyondlaws3.2: Sub-SaharanAfricaandtheMiddleEastandNorthAfricahavethelargestgapsinWB1.2.0legalframeworksscores,exceeding60points3.3: GapsinWB1.2.0legalframeworksscoresexceed60pointsacrossallincomegroups3.4: Safety,Entrepreneurship,andChildcareindicatorshavethelargestlegalgaps3
30、.5: EconomieswithhighscoresontheWB1.1.0legalindexcontinuetohavehighscoresontheWB1.2.0legalindex3.6: ScoresacrossregionsandincomegroupsarelowerontheWB1.2.0legalindexthanontheWB1.1.0legalindex76767779808283848586889194Maps6775823.7: ThelowestscoresforsupportiveframeworksareinSub-SaharanAfrica,followed
31、bytheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica3.8: Theadoptionofsupportiveframeworksvariesmostinhigh-incomeeconomies3.9: Globally,themostsupportiveframeworksareinplaceforMobilityandthefewestforWorkplace3.10: Allregionsandincomegroupslackthesupportiveframeworksneededtoprotectwomen,srights3.11: Fornearlyallindicators,
32、thereisasubstantialgapbetweenthelegalandsupportiveframeworksscores3.12: ThelargestrangesinexpertopinionsscoresarewithintheEastAsiaandPacificandSouthAsiaregions3.13: Thereisa31-pointdifferenceinaverageexpertopinionsscoresonwomen,srightsinpracticebetweenlow-andhigh-incomegroups3.14: ThePensionindicato
33、rreceivesthehighestscoreandSafetythelowestscorefromtheexperts3.15: 5:ExpertsintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica,EastAsiaandPacific,andhigh-incomeeconomiesperceivemorewomen,srightsinpracticethanthelegalframeworkssuggest3.16: Experts*assessmentofwomen,srightsinpracticearedifferentthanthelegalframeworkssugge
34、st3.17: Moregender-equallawsareassociatedwithbettersupportiveframeworks3.18: Moregender-equallawsareassociatedwiththeperceptionofmorerightsforwomeninpractice3.19: Supportiveframeworkslagbehindlegalframeworksandexpertopinionsscoresacrossregionsandincomegroups3.1: Womenhavelessthantwo-thirdsofthelegal
35、rightsofmenunderthenewindex3.2: Globally,two-fifthsofsupportiveframeworksareinplacetoimplementgender-equallaws3.3: Experts*perceptions:TwothirdsofwomenenjoyrightsequaltothoseofmenTablesES.1:Introducingthe10indicatorsofWomen,Businessandthe1.aw2.0:Towardbettermeasurementoflaws,policies,andpracticesxxi
36、ES.A.1:Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0questionsxxxiiiES.B.1:Women,Businessandthe1.aw1.0and2.0scores3.4: 1.1:Women,Businessandthe1.aw2024score(WB1.1.0)81.2:FiveeconomiesadvancedthemosttowardgenderequalitysinceOctober2022121.3:In2022-23,economiesimplementedthehighestnumberofreformstoimprovegenderequalityi
37、ntheParenthoodindicator212.1:Introducingthe10indicatorsofWomen,Businessandthe1.aw2.0:Towardbettermeasurementoflaws,policies,andpractices312.2:Fifty-nineeconomiesprohibitwomenfromperformingcertaintasksinindustrialjobs382.3:Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0measuresvariouscategoriesofsupportiveframeworks522.
38、4:Expertopinionsquestions552A.1:Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0questions953A.1:Women,Businessandthe1.aw1.0and2.0scores106A.l:MethodologicalstrengthsandlimitationsoftheWomen,Businessandthe1.awindexes108A.2:Women,Businessandthe1.aw1.0indicatorsandquestions116A.3:Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0legalframeworksi
39、ndicatorsandquestions127A.4:Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0supportiveframeworksindicatorsandquestions135A.5:Women,Businessandthe1.aw2.0expertopinionsindicatorsandquestionsFOREWORDAllparentshopethatthejoysandsuccessesoftheirchildrenwilldwarfthechallengesandfrustrationstheywillfaceinlife.However,parentsar
40、elikelytofeelindignationevenangerwhentheylearnthatinnotasinglenationintheworldwouldtheirdaughtershavethesameworkplacerightsandadvantagesastheirsons.Women,Businessandthe1.aw2024makesitclearthattheplayingfieldisnotlevel,anditpointstowaystocorrectthatunevenness.Itismyhopeandthehopeofthoseworkingsohardt
41、oproducethisseminalresearchthatmydaughtersgenerationwillbethelasttofaceunfairbarrierstoitsprofessionalachievements.Thesebarriershaveconsequencesforbothwomenandmenbecausetheycrippleeconomies,preventingthemfromreachingtheirfulldevelopmentpotential.NovelinthisyearsWomen,Businessandthe1.awistheincorpora
42、tionoftwonewindicatorsSafetyandChildcare.Thereportalsobreaksnewgroundbymeasuringforthefirsttimethegapbetweenthelegalrightsthatwomenhaveonpaperandtherealitytheyfaceontheground,whereimplementationoftheirrightsoftenfallsshockinglyshort.Itrevealsthatwomenhavejusttwo-thirdsoftherightsofmenintheworkplace.
43、Evenworse,economieshave,onaverage,establishedlessthantwo-fifthsofthesystemsneededforfullimplementation.Forexample,98ofthe190economiesassessedhaveenactedlegislationmandatingequalpayforwomenforworkofequalvalue.Yetonly35fewerthanoneinfivehaveadoptedpaytransparencymeasuresorenforcementmechanismstoaddres
44、sthepaygap.Theresultisthatwomenearn,onaverage,just77centsforeverydollarpaidtomen.Thefirstofthenewindicatorsincludedinthisreportwomenssafetypegstheglobalaveragescoreatjust36.Thismeansthatwomenhaveathirdofthelegalprotectiontheyneedfromdomesticviolence,sexualharassment,childmarriage,andfemicide.Ofthe19
45、0economiesstudied,151havelawsinplaceprohibitingsexualharassmentintheworkplace,butonly39havelawsprohibitingitinpublicspacessuchasmasstransit.Howcanweexpectwomentoprosperatworkwhenitisdangerousforthemjusttotraveltowork?Mosteconomiesalsoscorepoorlyonlawsregulatingchildcare,thesecondnewindicator.Womensp
46、endnearlytwoandahalfmorehoursadayonunpaidcareworkthanmen,muchofitinvolvingchildcare.1.essthanhalfofalleconomiesprovidesomefinancialsupportortaxbreaksforparentswithyoungchildren.Andinlessthanathirddoqualitystandardsgovernchildcareservices.Allthismeansthatonlyhalfofwomenparticipateintheglobalworkforce
47、,comparedwithnearlythree-quartersofallmen.Whatawasteoftalent.Andhowtragicthattheeconomieswheretalentisscarcestwasteitthemost.Today,theworldfacestheprospectofpersistentlyslowgrowth.However,womenhavethepowertoturbochargetheglobaleconomy.TheworkoftheWomen,Businessandthe1.awteamshowsthatclosinggendergapsoverthenextdecadewouldessentiallydoubletheglobalgrowthrate.Theworldsimplycannotaffordtosidelinehalfofitspopulation.Ourdaughtersarereadyandabletomaketheworldabetterplaceforallofusifwegetoutoftheirway.IndermitS.GillChiefEconomistandSeniorVicePresidentforDevelopmentEconomicsWor
