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1、down,lipitintoplaceonitsside.Trytohaveatleasttwomenoperatingthemachine,becauseitisverytime-consumingtohaveonemanmovingfromonesideofthemachinetotheothertopressandeject.Butitcanbedonebyonemanifonlyoneisavai1ab1e.Fourpersonsmakeanidealteamforpressing:onefilling,onepressing,oneejecting,andoneremoving.te
2、amoffourcaneasilyproducetwoblocksaminuteifthemixtureispreparedandcloseby.Stickinq.SomesoiIsstickmorethanothers.Anoccasionalcleaningofthecornersofthepressboxwithametalscrapermaybenecessary.Theblocksshouldcomeoutofthepresswithsharpcorners.Stickingcanbeovercomebyslightlymoisteningthepointswhereitoccurs
3、withabitofkeroseneonarag.RotatiwJobs.Onajobwherethereisenoughlabortohaveallthesteps-digging,screening,mixing,loading,pressing,ejecting,andcarrying-goingonatthesametime,itisfairandgoodformoraletorotatethejobseveryhourorso.MaintenanceandRepairs1.ubrication.Al1movingparts(rollers,pins,pressureplate,gui
4、deplates,pistonscylinder,bearingsandsupportsofaxles)shouldbewel1lubricatedeveryfourtoeighthourswithheavyoilorgreasetoinsuresmoothoperationandcutdownonwear(SeeFig.15).Pins.Thepinswhichsecurethepivotshafts,compressionyokeandrolIersshouldbereplacedwhenbrokenbythelargestnailsavai!able,becausetheywilllas
5、tlongerthantheaveragecotterpin.IfCringreplacementsarenotavai!able,brokenCringscanbereplacedbywrappingapieceofwireinthegroove.CleanSurfacee.Theinsideoftheboxandtheundersurfaceofthecovermustbekeptclean.Fig.15-1.ubricationPoints52.Adiustments.TheCINVA-Rampressshouldnotbetamperedwithun-necessarily,butth
6、efollowingsuggestionsmayhelpifthepressproducesfaultyblocks.53.BreaksandCracks.Breaksandcracksarecausedbylooseorin-correctlyadjustedguideplates.54.SideBreaks.(SeeFig.16.)Movetheloweradiustingbolts(GandH)side-vaystowardthehighsideofthebreak(seeFig.1).Ifmoreadjustmentismd-needed,movetheupperadjustingbo
7、lts(RandP)towardthelowsideofthebreak.ThiscansometimesbedoneFig.16-SideBreaksimplybyha11meringtheboltside-ways(withapieceofwood,sothatthethreadswi1notbedamaged)ratherthanbylooseningandtighteningthenuts.Aftertheboltsarehanrmeredover,tightenthenuts.55.EndBreaks.(SeeFig.17.)Movetheguideplateoppositethee
8、ndwherethebreakoccursinwardbyturninglower-14-adjustingboltGorH,dependingontheguideplatetobemoved(seeFig.1)：NOTE:Movingoneendofaguideplateinonedirectionforcestheotherendofthesameplateintheoppositedirection.Ifthisloosensthepistonmuchateitherthetoporthebottomoftheguideplate,theotherendoftheplatemustbem
9、ovedinward.ThefreeplayshouldbecorrectedbecauseitwiHcausetheQiSlOntocracktheblocksbycompressingtheminonedirectioninthecompressioncycle(withtheuppersaddleasthepivotpoint)andinanotherdirectionintheeject,ioncycle(withthelowerrolIersasthepivotpoint).Also,theguideplatesmustbetightenoughagainstthepistontok
10、eepitfromjerkingandjumpingupwardattheendoftheejectioncycle.56.Ifendcrackingisnotstoppedbytighteningtheplatesagainstthepiston,itmaybenecessarytotilttheguideplatesandthepiston,sothatthepressureplatewillbehigherattheendwhichiscracking,Thisisdonebymovingthetopsofbothguideplatestowardthecrackedend.57.Cor
11、nerBreaks.cornerbreakiscausedbyacombinationofm-*asidebreakandanendbreak(seeFig.18).(1)Fixthesidecrackbymov-ingtheboltssideways,asFig.18-CornerBreakinparagraph54(usuallyitisonlynecessarytomovethebottomboltontheendwiththecracktowardtheBidewherethecrackoccurs).(2)Fixtheendcrackbymovingtheloweradjusting
12、boltoppositethecrackingendinwardagainstthepiston,asinparagraph55.58.Taperiq.Taperingiscausedbyincorrectlyadjustedguideplates.59.SideTaper,(SeeFig.19.)Firstmovetheguideplateonthethickersideoutward：thenmovetheotherguideplateinward(seeFig.1).Theguideplatesshouldbekeptparalleltoeachother.Moveboththetops
13、andbottomsofbothguideplatesthesamedistance.B.Fig.19-SideTaper60.EndTaper.(SeeFig.20.)Movethetopsofbothguideplatestoward-the,thinend.Movethebottomsofbothguideplatestowardthethickend.(SeeFig.1).Thetopsshould/bemovedasfarinonedirectionasthebottomsareintheother.1.!izzlFig.20-EndTaper-15-61.62.63.64.65.6
14、6.67.CuringandStackinutheBlocks.Thecuringoftheblocksisanotherimportantstepwhichmustbetakenwithcare.Tobecomecarelessatthispointcouldruinal1thecarefulworkthathasgonebefore.Themoistureintheblocksmustcomeoutslowlyandevenly.ITheblocksshouldhelaidonflat,unwarped,cleanplankswideenoughtosupportthefullwidtho
15、ftheblocks(seeFig.22).Ifsuchtoardsarenotavailable,theblocksshou1dbeplacedonsmoothgroundcoveredwithpaperorleavessothattheywillnotbeindirectcontactwiththeground.Theblocksshouldnotbevushedintoanotherpositionafterbeinpplaced.Ifitisnecessarytomovetheblocksatthispointwhentheyareveryweak,Fig.22.-Blockastac
16、kedforfirsttheyshouldbecarefulIy1iftedandS-daycure,carefullyplacedagain.Iftheblockscannotbeputinsideorunderashelter,coverthemwithheavypaper.(Papercementbagscarefullyopenedandseparatedmakeexcellentcoverings.)Ifthereisashortageofstoragespace,theblockscanbestackedfiverowshighafterthreeorfourhoursofdryi
17、ng-iftheyareverycarefullyhandled.CornerTauer.(SeeFig.21.)cornertaper(onecornerthinnerthantherest)iscausedbyacombinationofasidetaperandanendtaper(secFig.1.1First,fixthesidetaperbymovingtheguideplatesasinparagraph59.Second,fixtheendtaperbymov-ingtheguideplatesasinpara-graph60.PiIIFig.21.-CornerTaperTh
18、enextday,thefirstonerationistomovetheblockstomakeroomforanotherdaysproduction.Aftertheovernightdrying,theblocksshouldstillbeprotectedfromtheweatherbecausetheymuststillcureslowlyforfourorfivemoredays.Soakingwillharmtheblocksatthisstage.Sunshinewi11makethemcuretooquickly,reducingtheirstrength.Inveryho
19、tclimates,blocksshouldbekeptmoistduringthisperiod.Inanyclimate,theyshouldbepreventedfromcuringtoofast.Forthefirstfourdays,theyshouldbesprinkledlightlywithwatertwiceaday.If1imeisused,doublethecuringtime.Theblockscanberestackedtenrowshighonedgeforthenextcuringperiodof10days.Theblocksmustnotbestackedso
20、lidly;thereshouldbeaspaceofaboutaninchbe-tweenblockstoletthemcureproperly.Agoodstackingarrangement-16-68.69.70.71.72.73.isthreeblockssidebysidewithaninchspacebetweenthemcrossed6%withthreeblocksehcvz.C,1：-.:i.I,.:.I:1.ti,Tg-feachlayer(seeFig.23).1.I：lg.23-BlocksstackedtarN-daycureIncarryingoutthecuri
21、ngprocess,trytobemovingtheblocksclosertotheconstructionsite.Neverunderestimatetheimportanceofcarefulcuring.VariationsofBlocks,FloorTiles.TheCINVA-RcmpressSbox,whenusedwithoutanyinserts,producesasolidblock11-12by5-1/2by3-1/2inches.Insertsforthebox,whichareincludedwiththeCINA-Ramwi11changethesizeorsha
22、peoftheblocks.Frog.woodenfrog(seeFig.24)isusedintheboxtoproduceablockwithapartiallyhoilowcore.Theadvantageofthisblockisthatitusesonlyfour-fifthsthemixtureusedinaregularblock-reducingbothcostandlabor.Theseblocks:,-e-arealsoidealfordesigningpatternsinwa11susingblockslaidonedge.Thefrogmustbekeptclean.S
23、omesoiIswillsticktothewoodeni11.mold.quickwipewithakerosene-dampenedragwi1overcomethis.Blockscanbemadewithhollowcoresrunningthewholelengthoftheblock,butthistakesalittlemoretime,Thepropermoldsfortheseblockshavetobemade(seeFig.251,Theydonotcomewiththepress.Theseblockscanbeusedwheremetareinforcingrodsa
24、retoberunthroughthelaidblocks.-17-Fig.25,Block1.engthMold74.75.76.77.78.79.Withalittleexperience,operatorswillbecomeefficientinmakingtheseblocks.FloorTiles,TilesproducedwithCIWA-RamBlockPressmakeine-pensive,attractiveanddurableflooring.Thetileinsertisawoodenblockwithametalface(seeFig.26).Thewearinns
25、urfaceonthetiIeismadewithacementmixture.(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)Fig.26-TileMoldScreenthesandforthismixtureasfinelyaspossible:thefinerthesand,thesmootherthetilefacewillhe.Mixtwopartssandwithonepartcement.Mineralcoloringcanbeaddedtoproducedifferentcoloredtiles.Mixwaterwiththesandcementmix,asinparagraphs37-39.P
26、lacethetile-makinginsertinthebox.Spreadthemixtureovertheinsert,toadepthofone-quartertothree-eightsofaninch.ddthesoi1-cementmixturetothis,withoutcompletelyfillingthebox.Thetwomixturesshouldbeequallywet.Thetileisthenpressedandejectlclinthesamewayastheblocks.(Seeparagraphs45and46.)Apalletishelpfulincar
27、ryingthenewlypressedtiles.Thetiles,whicharethinnerthantheblocks,aremoreeasiIydPnagcdinhandIing.Curedorpartlycuredblockscanbeusedaspallets.Thetilesareturnedoverwhenremovedfromthemachineandcuredfaceup.Theycanbecarriedontheinserttothecuringspotifpalletsarenotused,andtheninvertedwhenplaceddown;butthisop
28、erationisalittleawkwardandslowsthetile-making.Itisextremelyimportantthatthetilesrestonaflatsurfaceforthefirstdayofcuring.bowedsurfacewillmakethetilesagtothebowandthetilewilleithercureinawarpedshapeorcrack.differentmethodoffacingistoplaceadrymixtureofcement,sandandcoloringintotheboxandthenaddasoil-ce
29、mentmixturewhichisslightlywetterthanusual.Thissavesthetimeittakestomakeawetmixture.11alsospreadsouteasierontheinsert.Thetilefacingmaysticktotheinsert.Rustonthemetalfacecancausethim.Ifnothingelsestopsthesticking,putasheetofplasticorapieceofheavypaper(oneplyofpapercementbagwilldo)cutortorntothesizeoft
30、heinsertintoboxbeforefilling.Theplasticorpapercanbepeeledoffthefaceofthepressedtile.Onepaperwi11lastforabouttwentytiles.-18-80.CuriaandStacking.Tilesarecuredinthesamewayastheblocks,buttheyarestackedonlytwohigh,withthefacestogether.81.OtherinsertsprovidedWiththeCINVA-RamBlockPresscanbeusedtomakeX-sha
31、pedblocks,blocksforutilityconduction,andlintelblocks(forplacingdoorsupports).82.TestingtheBlocks.Thestrengthofthecuredblocksshouldbetested.Mostcountrie：haveauniversitywhichcanbesttheblocks.V.BIJI1.DING83.84.85.86.87.88.89.Motar.ThemortarjointsbetweenCINVA-Ramblocksandtilesshou1dbeone-halfinchthick.S
32、incetheblocksare11-12x5-1/2x3-1/2inches,thebuildingunitis12X6x4inches.Inflooring,the11-1/2x5-1/2inchtilesplusthehalfinchmortarjoint,makeaunitof12x6inches.Thefoundationfortheblocksmustbefirm.Useacement-sandmortarforthefirsttwolayers,toallowwaterproofing.ThemortarrecommendedfortherestofthebuiIdingison
33、epartcement,twopartslimeandninepartsofthesamesoi1usedtomaketheblocks.1.imcisUSedbecauseitformsamoreplasticmortar：sinceitsetsmoreslowlythancement,itislesslikelytocrack.Themortarshouldbeamoistmixturewhichdoesnotflowasfreelyascement-sandmortar.SurfaceCoating.1.etthemortardryforaboutaweek.Then,usinganar
34、rowbrush,paintal1thejointswithathincementwashwhichcanbebrushedintoanyfinecracks.Stirthecementwashfrequently.Wherelargecracksdevelopmtheyshouldbegougedouttoholdapackingofsoi1-cementmortar.Wetthecrack.Pressthemortarinandsmoothitoff.Theblocksalonehaveanattractivefinishbuttheycanalsobegiventhisfinish:af
35、teraday,paintal1theexteriorwallswithacementwashofaboutrichmilkconsistency.Workintheshade,keepingthecementwashWeIlstirred.Threecoatsarerecommended.Thecoatsshouldbethintokeepfrombuildingupacrustofcement.Allowadaybetweeneachcoat.limewashcanbeappliedtomakethebuiIdingwaterproof.Thisusuallyneedstobedoneag
36、aineveryyear.Asi1iconebasewash(clearinappearance)isanexcellentwaterre-pellentforveryrainyareas.Inexperiments,thissolutionhaswater-proofedblockswhichwerenotcoatedwithacementwash.Inareasabovethefrost1ine,experimentationshouldprecedetheuseofCINVA-Ramblocks.90.(1)ManualfortheSupervisionofSelf-HelpHomeCo
37、nstructionwithStabi1izedEarthBlocksMadewiththeCINVA-RamPortableBlockPress,-19-._.-.-byPa.31M.Campbell,FCHConipany,Inc.,Chicago.(PreparedfortheGovernmentofJamaicainJanuary1959).(2)ManualforSupervisingSof-HclpHomeConstructionwithStabiIizedEarthBlocksMadeintheCINVA-RamMachine,byChrisAhrens,housingspeci
38、alist,StateofWestVirginiaEconomicOpportunityAgency.(3)CINVA-RamHandbook,byJohnR.Hansen,volunteerinAmericanFriendsServiceCommitteeSuznmcrProject,July1963,Patzicia,Guatemala.(4)WhatistheCINVA-RamMachine?byaPeaceCorpsVolunteer.(5)EarthenHomeConstruction:AFieldand1.ibraryCompiIationwithanAunotatedBiblio
39、graphy,by1.yleA.Wolfskill,WayneA.DunlaandBobM.Gallaway,TexasTransportationInstitute,.M.CollegeofTexas,BulletinNo.18,March1962.(6)EarthforHomes,IdeasandMethodsExchangeNo.22,U.S.HousingandHomeFinanceAgency,3rdprinting,revised,September1963.VIIOTRMCHINESFORMAKINGB1.OCRSFROMSTABI1.IZEDEARTHt91.1.andcret
40、e,manufacturedbyMessrs.1.andsboroughFindlay(SouthAfrica)1.ts.,Johannesburg,andTranS-AtIaS1.td.,15DukeSt.,Dublin2,Ireland,we11-designedhand-operatedtogglepress,sturdilyconstructedandsimpletooperate.92.Winnet,manufacturedbyMessrs.Winget1.td.,Rochester,England.A-hydraulicpresspoweredbyagasolineengine.T
41、hequalityoftheblocksproducedishelpedbyhighoperatingpressures,but.thc,pro-ductionrateisthesameasthatofahand-operatedmachine.93.EllsonBlockmaster,numufacturedbyEllsonEquipments(Pty.)1.td.,.Johannesburg,SouthAfrica.Themachineusesatoggleswitchleversystem,givinga.constantlengthstrokewhichstandardizesthet
42、hich-nessoftheblocks.Ifyouneedr.c)reinformationonthematerialinthismanualoronothertechnicalmatters,VIT(VolunteersofInternationalTechnicalAssistance)cansendittolyou.Ifyouhzvespecificquestions,VIT.canputyouincontactwithanexpertwhocananswerthem.VTTisaninternationalassociationofscientists,engineers,techn
43、iciansandbusinessmenwhovolunteertheirsparetimetoconsultonquesticnsfrom-personsindevelopingareas.Simplysendyourrequestto:VIT230StateStreetSchenectady,N.Y.12305i_U.S.A._J,;*.-*o-.:TohelptheVITAvolunteerwhoanswersyourrequest,youshould1.Bequantitative-givemeasurements,costs,materialsavai!able,sketcheswhenpossible.2.Describethebestsolution,ifany,foundnearbyandanylimitingculturalfactors.3.Indicateadeadlineforaction.YouwillheardirectlyfrcnntheVITvolunteer;keepincontactwithhim;informtheVITAOfficeifcorrespondencestops.-21-
