《《演讲的艺术(第十三版)》教学资源--教师用书Chapter_4_Selecting_a_Topic_and_a_Purpose.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《《演讲的艺术(第十三版)》教学资源--教师用书Chapter_4_Selecting_a_Topic_and_a_Purpose.docx(8页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Chapter4SelectingaTopicandaPurpose教怵用书校续更新中)SectionOne:ChapterTeachingGuidePART 1: :TEACHINGOBJECTIVES在学完这一章后,学生应该能纷: 解秣用来选挣演讲话四的三种方法. 认识总体目的和具体H的之间的区别. 区分具体目的与中心思想, 根据课本中提出的醛求确定具体日的陈述句和中心思想。PART 2: :TEACHINGSUGGESTIONSI.选择话题(ChoosingaTopic)知识概述木章介绍了三种选题方法,即盘点法(PersocaIInventory).聚类法(CIUStering)和网上搜
2、索法(InternetSearch).蠹点法(PersonaIIiweMory)指的是对自己的个人羟历、兴趣、爱好、技能、伯仲7;书个快速fit点,将能好想到的话邂一列出来.从中也许能选出理想的话咫.下面的一些例子仅供冬考:Makingadifference:Teachingatanelementaryschoolformigrantworkers,childrenAtourofShanghaiDisneytandThethrillOfwalkingontheHuashanHikingTrailSpeakingatUN2030SDGYouthForumEnjoyingtheexperience
3、ofcompetinginWorldRobotConferenceAppreciationofTchaikovskytSfirstviolinconcertoChina/s*fourgreatinventions*inmoderntimes聚类法(Clustering)是指先将话题分成九大类;人物、地方、事物、事件、过程、概念、自然现效、同返以及计划和政策.然后在好个总分类下面找出四到五个自己能好想到的次分类话遗.在这些次分类话题中很可能会有位得选用的话遇.如果这样做没有达到预想的效果,还可以将这九大类下面的一些比较有虺的次分类话题选Hi*.然后通过自由联想的方法找出与这倏次分类话超相关的新话
4、题.比如,可以由书(事校I)、体育运动(小件)卬天气自然现象这三个次分类话Jfi联想到下面三组相关话网:BooksSportsJobMarketChineseclassicalnovelbasketballinterviewJourneytotheWestYaoMingwritingresumetheMonkeyKingNBAfreelanceBuddhistscripturesKobeBryantslash网上技*法QntemetSearCh)即通过互联网来搜索话期.像百度百科()、中国知网(和图书馆员的互联网章引(www.lii.org这些将主题分类的搜索引擎对送齐演讲话期也会有很大的帮助
5、,教师可以鼓励学生推荐有助选脑的网站链源.当然,要提醒学生无论是用哪一类方法选挣话题,都登及早着手。比如,留心平时与别人谈话、看电视、上网或读报刊杂志时偶尔碰到的一些有趣的话鹿,也可以随手记卜做时想到的一些有关话期的初步想法. 教学策略建议教师以上面给出的三姐次分类话IS(Books,Sports,JobMarket)为例,指导学生在课堂上做一个自由联想游戏,教帅可以请班上的一名学生先任意说出一个次分类分话题,然后请K他学生摊人说出个与这个次分类话胭或多或少有关联的新话国.考虑到有些学生的英语词汇IftffPIi.这个练习可以用中英文结合的方式完成.布置学生利用下面的信息来选舞演讲话题:中国H
6、报3财新周刊机中央电视台英文频道和新华旬H电讯机人需要选出三个话题,并分别为三个话IS构造具体目的除述句.理求学生沃前珞选Hl的话J3和写好晌具体目的陈述句打印Hl来.教师可以随机选择些学生介绍自己的话四和具体目的陈述句,然后组织全班讨论活咫的种类、选冏的质疑以及具体目的陈述句的构造.可以把这一章的教学和仔个单元的演讲作业结合起来.具体的做法是每当学生开始著手准先一项学期内主要的演讲作业时,教师可以专门余出一书课的时间来讨论学生的演讲话藤,在扭织讨论前,教师应首先要求两个学生在课堂上介绍自己的话鹿和具体目的,然后请班上其他的同学进行讨论,讨论的内容可以包括对发审者所选的活咫是否出兴趣.以及对发
7、芸者的选咫方式所提HI的建议,当然,要取得应好的效果,学生要对选时已经有些初步的想法,教师可以划过这个练习帮助学生馍定话遐,并根据听众的特点对话图进行一些附整. 舔习安排 课本第58页ExercisesfxthinkingandSpeaking1I1.确定具体目的和组构中心思想(DeterminingtheSpecificPurposeandPhrasingtheCentralIdea) 知识概述在确定演讲的具l11(ftspecificpurpose)前,要首先确定演Ul的总体目的(generalpurpose).演讲的总体目的土婴可以分为两大类:说解(inform)和说服(PerSUade
8、).如果演讲的总体目的是说解,那么演讲者的主要任务是扩展听众的知识面和信息量.比如给听众讲斛怎样在家做热干面,描述北京奥运会主会场“乌巢”的建筑特色,或介绍不同的践上直播课平台等.如果演讲的总体目的是说服,那么即使演讲内衣会涵英说好的成分,但演讲者的主要任务是形成或改变听众的态度或行为,比如鼓恸听众在家尝试做热干面,动员听众去做柒夜活动的志胭音.或(H导严格执行垃圾分类等.在倘定总体目的的基础上.可以进一步考虑演讲的具体目的.演讲的具体目的是将话题集中在某一个明确、具体的方面,使其具有可操作性。构造具体目的除述句(SPeCifiCPUrPOSeStatement)要遵循下列J1.个原则:J1U
9、JJJJ1*)J1234561234l/It1.(.(具体目的陈述句必须是个完整的动词不定式短语:具体目的不使用问句表达:避免使用意思含糊不淌的象征件i百吉:具体目的陈述句的意则不能过于模期和茏统:选挣适合听众特点的具体目的:选样健在规定的时间内完成的具体目的.同样,构造中心思想(centralidea)也要遵循几个糜则:中心思想不能过于茏统:要用一个完整的句子表达中心思想:构造中心思想必须用陈述句,不能用问句;构造中心思想时避免使用修饰性、东征性语审.教学策略教师可以止学生识别些不规位的具体目的和中心思想.陈述句,指导学生认识到何涯所在并找出修改方法.除了书上的练习,在学生准备每一次的演讲时
10、,都可以先布置学生完成演讲提纲.列出总体目的,具体目的中心思想.主娈观点等.这个提纲可以用于课堂互评,也可以由老师提出修改意见“在指出修改意见时,注意引导学生使用教材中的checklist进行自我评价.提升反思能力。A练习安排,课本第58-59页ExercisesforThinkingandSPeaking2and3 课本第59页PublicSpeakinginYourCareerSectionTwo:TextbookExercisesPARTONE:EXERCISESFORTHINKINGANDSPEAKING(fromtextpages58-59)1. Usingoneofthebrain
11、stormingmethodsdescribedinthr$chapter,comeupwiththreetopicsyoumightliketodealwithinyournextspeech.Deviseaspecificpurposestatementfxeachtopic.TeachingNote通过做这个练习,学生可以体会和熟悉如何用头脏风暴法选遗、如何开始演讲选超的过程以及如何构造具体目的陈述句。在课堂讨论中,教师可以评价学生的选即是否恰当,具体目的除述句的构造是否符合要求。在评价学生的选题是否恰当时,多引9学生思考该选题的工作最,学生在这个咫目上的可信度,观众对这个IS目的兴趣度
12、,以及这个鹿目的社会意义.2. Hereareseveralspecificpurposestatements.Identifytheproblemwitheach,andrewritethestatementtocorrecttheproblem.(1) Donateblood.(2) ToinformmyaudienceaboutGuilin.(3) ToinformmyaudienceaboutthehistoryofWesterncivilization.(4) Topersuademyaudiencethatsomethinghastobedoneabouttrafficjams.(
13、5) ToinformmyaudiencehowtousethesubwaysysteminBerlin,Germany.(6) WhatIsshuimohua?AnswerKey(1) Thisspecificpurposestatementiswrittenasafragment.AmoreeffectivestatementwouldbeTopersuademyaudiencetocontributetothenextcampusblooddrive.(提醒学生脩改后的JI体目的除述句可以明确表明这是啜种类型的演Wh)(2) Thisspecificpurposestatementist
14、oobroad.AmoreeffectivestatementwouldbeToinformmyaudienceaboutthemajortouristattractionsinGuilin.w(提解学生这样宽泛的选题会使褥后面在确定演讲的本要观点的时候比较困难,)(3) Thisspecificpurposestatementistoobroadandvague.AmoreeffectivestatementwouldbeToinformmyaudienceaboutthemajorculturalhallmarksofWesterncivilization.*(搓解学生像这样宽泛含混的选题
15、公使褥搜!H演讲案材和确定演讲要点变得非常困难C(4) Thisspecificpurposestatementistoobroad;itdoesnotspecifywhatshouldbedoneabouttheproblemoftrafficjams.AmoreeffectivespecificpurposestatementwouldbeTbpersuademyaudiencethatanalternate-daydrivingsystemshouldbeadoptedinallofChina,slargecities.*(提醒学生撰写具体目的陈述句的原因之就是理清思路,所以如果陈述句中
16、出现含糊的词语,说明演讲者没有考虑清楚演讲的内容)(5) Thtsspecificpurposestatementt$notrelevanttoanaudienceinChina.Abettertopicwouldbe“Toinformmyaudiencehovtousethesubv/aysysteminShanghai.Anotherpossibilitywouldbetoselectabroaderspecificpurpose,suchasToinformmyaudienceaboutmajorstagesinthedevelopmentofsubwaysystemsasamodeof
17、transportation.*(提解学生公共演讲变始终以观众为中心在选题时就要考虑观众的兴施和接受度。演讲不是为了展现自己的口才,而是为了帮助观众更好地获取信息和形成意见C)(6) Thisspecificpurposestatementisphrasedasaquestion.Amoreeffectivespecificpurposestatementv/ouldbeToinformmyaudienceaboutthephilosophyandtoolsofshuimohua(提醒学生问句不符合具体目的陈述句的要求,因为问句的意义太过开放.而且没有明确的内容指向.无法指导演讲者搜集资料和f
18、i定演讲要点Q3.Belowaretwosetsofmainpointsforspeeches.Foreachset,supplythegeneralpurpose,SPeQfiCpurpose,andcentralidea.TeachingNote这个练习可以帮助学生弄清是具体目的、中心思想和要点之间的关系。它看似容易但对有些学生来说还是有一定的俎度C学生首先需要判断传个演讲的类别,这时可以提醒学生注意说解性演讲和说服性演讲在语三使用上的不同其次可以提醒学生注意.中心思想.必须包含要点的所有内容,所以需要概括性的诺言,同时避免粘连句:具体目的的句子只需要指明方向就可以.可以提解学生关注具体目
19、的和中心思想的差别后者需要更详细。AnswerKeyGeneralPurpose:TopersuadeSpecificPurpose:Topersuademyaudiencetostudyabroadduringtheircollegecareer.CentralIdea:Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment,youracademicdevelopment,andyourcareerdevelopment.MainPoints:I. Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenh
20、anceyourpersonaldevelopment.II. Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyouracademicdevelopment.III. Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyourcareerdevelopment.GeneralPurpose:ToinformSpecificPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceaboutthethreeeventsintriathlon.CentralIdea:Thethreeeventsintriathlonareswimming,
21、cycling,andrunning.MainPoints:I. Tefirsteventintriathlonisswimming.II. Thesecondeventintriathloniscycling.III. Thethirdeventintriathlonisrunning.PARTTWO:PUB1.ICSPEAKINGINYOURCAREER(fromtextpage59)Yourcommunicationdegreehashelpedyoulandajobasspokespersonforthemayorofamediumsizecoastalcity.Ayearafters
22、tartingthejob,youareselectedtoorganizeaninformationcampaignexplainingthebenefitsofanewpublicparkproposedbythemayor.Tolaunchthiscampaign,youwillholdanewsbriefingattheendoftheweek.Toopenthebriefing,youwillpresentashortsetofcommentsonthemayorsinitiative.Youdecidetofocusonthreebenefitsofthenewpark:(1)It
23、willprovidegreenspacenthemiddleofthecity;(2)Itwillprovidealocationforhealthysocialactivities;(3)Itwillbefreeandopentoeveryone.Followingtheformatusedinthischapter,statethegeneralpurpose,specificpurpose,centraldea,andmainpointsofyourcomments.TeachingNote同课本中其他的职场演讲练习一样,这个练习的主要目的是用助学生了解如何将谭木中介绍的演讲要领运用到
24、实际工作中去,所以学生是否能绯将问题答对并不I分近要。在练习中要提解学生注意,这是个说解性演讲,虽然讲解的是建立公园的好处,但并非需要说服大众支持建立这个公园,所以设计演讲目的和使用谙吉的时候邵能要考虑到这一点.AnswerKeyGeneralPurpose:ToinformSPedfkPurpose:Toinformmyaudienceofthebenefitsoftheproposednewpark.CentralIdea:Tenewparkwillofferagreen,healthy,andfreelocationforthepublictospendtheirtime.MainPoi
25、nts:I. Thenewparkwillprovidegreenspaceinthemiddleofthecity.II. Thenewparkv/illprovidealocationforhealthysocialactivities.III. Thenewparkwillbefreeandopentoeveryone.SectionThree:TeachingResourcesPARTONE:ADDITIONA1.EXERCISESANDACTIVITIESBelowarefourcentralideasforspeeches.Foreachcentralidea,providethe
26、generalpurpose,specificpurpose,andmainpointsofthespeech.(1) GeneralPurpose:SpecificPurpose:CentralIdea:Figurepainting,flover-andbirdpainting,andlandscapepaintingrepresentthreemaingenresoftraditionalChinesepainting.MainPoints:I.II.III.(2) GeneralPurpose:SpecificPurpose:CentralIdea:Youshouldjoinacampu
27、sEnglishclubforanEnglishspeakingenvironment,forcompetitivepublicspeakingexperience,andforotherEnglishextracurricularactivities.MainPoints:I.II.III.GeneralPurpose:SpecificPurpose:CentralIdea:ThepyramidsofancientEgypthadthreemajoruses-asUXnbSfctheburialofmonarchs,astemplesforworshippingthegods,andasob
28、servatoriesforstudyingthestarsandthetonets.MainPoints:(4)GeneralPurpose:SpecificPurpose:CentralIdea:Westernhandwritinganalyststrytodeterminepersonalitytraitsbyexaminingtheconsistency,angularity,andsizeofaPerSOn5writing.MainPoints:TeachingNote这个补充练习让学生有更多的机会去了解总体目的、具体目的、中心思想和要点之间的关系,练习(3)、(4)没有提示要点的个
29、数,难度梢大些,在课堂上,教师也可以灵活使用这些材料,由易入雄梢助学生掌握确定演讲主网的方法,例如教师可以只给出具体目的,让学生尝试写主要观点从而确定演讲上超告诉学生要明确演讲目的.中心思想和上要观点.做到这样才是做好了演讲选f,AnswerKey(1)GeneralPurpose:ToinformSpecialPurpose:ToinformmyaudienceaboutthemaingenresoftraditionalChinesepainting.CentralIdea:Figurepainting,flov/er-and-birdpainting,andlandscapepainti
30、ngrepresentthreemaingenresoftraditionalChinesepainting.MainPoints:I. FigurepaintingisonemaingenreoftraditionalChinesepainting.II. Flower-andbirdpaintingisasecondmaingenreoftraditionalChinesepainting.III. 1.andscapepaintingisathirdmaingenreoftraditionalChinesepainting.(2) GeneralPurpose:TopersuadeSpe
31、cificPurpose:TopersuademyaudiencetojoinacampusEnglishdub.CentralIdea:YoushouldjoinacampusEnglishclubforanEnglishspeakingenvironment,forcompetitivepublicspeakingexperience,andforotherEnglishextracurricularactivities.MainPoints:I. YousouWjoinacampusEnglishclubforanEnglishspeakingenvironment.II. Yousho
32、uldjoinacampusEnglishclubforcompetitivepublicspeakingexperience.III. YoushouldjoinacampusEnglishclubforotherEnglishextracurricularactivities.(3) GeneralPurpose:ToinformSpecificPurpose:ToinformmyaudienceofthethreemajorusesofthepyramidsofancientEgypt.CentralIdea:ThepyramidsofancientEgypthadthreemajoru
33、ses-asUXnbSfotheburialofmonarchs,astemplesforworshippingthegods,andasobservatoriesforstudyingthestarsandthetonets.MainPoints:I. ThefirstmajoruseofthepyramidsofancientEgyptwasastombsfortheburialofmonarchs.II. ThesecondmajoruseofthepyramidsofancientEgyptwasastemplesforworshippingthegods.11.Thethirdmaj
34、oruseofthepyramidsofancientEgyptwasa$observatoriesforstudyingthestarsandtheplanets.(4) GeneralPurpose:ToinformSpecificPurpose:ToinformmyaudiencehowWesternhandwritinganalyststrytodeterminepersonalitytraitsbyexaminingapersonshandwritingCentralidea:Westernhandwritinganalyststrytodeterminepersonalitytra
35、itsbyexaminingtheconsistency,angularity,andsizeofapersonshandwriting.MainPoints:1. Westernhandwritinganalyststrytodeterminepersonalitytraitsbyexaminingtheconsistencyofapersonshandwriting.IlWesternhandwritinganalyststrytodeterminepersonalitytraitsbyexaminingtheangularityofapersonshandwriting.III.West
36、ernhandwritinganalyststrytodeterminepersonalitytraitsbyexaminingthesizeofapersonzshandwriting.PARTTWO:EVA1.UATIONFORMANDINSTRUCTIONA1.WORKSHEETPeerEvaluationFormforTopicSelection1NameClassWhileyourclassmateisintroducinghisorhertopicideaandspecificpurposeinclass,writedownthetopicideaandthespeakersnam
37、einthefirstcolumn.Inthesecondcolumn,drawacirclearoundYesorNotoshowwhetherthetopicisinterestingornotinyouropinion;alsogivethereason(三)foryouropinion.Inthethirdcolumn,writedownyoursuggestionsforimprovementforeachspeaker.Ifyourclassmatehasdoneanexcellentjobandhasleftnoroomforimprovement,youcanv/riteint
38、hethirdcolumnthestrengthsofhisorhertopic.YoumaychoosetocompletethisforminEnglish,inChinese,orinacombinationofbothlanguages.Yorpeerswillbeexpectinghonestopinionsandcarefullyconsideredsuggestionsfromyou.TopicIdea/SpeakerInterestingorNot/ExplainWhySuggeStiOnS/CommentsYcsNoYeSNoYesNoYesNoYcsNoYcsNo,这个作业
39、的可以在林个主婪的演讲作业中兀喉触使用,教师可以根岖班上学生的人数求调蟆作业中的大小.也可以要求每个学生只收评一部分同学的话飕,ClusteringWorksheet?NameciassUsethefree-associationmethodintroducedinthischaptertogeneratealistoffivetopicideasrelatedtoeachoftheninetopicareasgivenintheworksheet.IfyourEnglishvocabularyislimited,youcanfirstcompletetheexerciseinChinese,
40、andthentranslatetheanswersintoEnglishwiththehelpofaChinese-Englishdictionary.Timepermitting,youcanalsoaskyorinstructorforhelp.PeoplePlacesThingsNeEr(姬明theriedsiteoftheOldSummerPalace(圆明园遗址)mask(11t)EventsProcessesConceptsXianIncident(西安事变)ecommerceIivestreaming(完成一次电两应插)gametheory(博弈论)NaturalPhenomenaProWemsPlansandPoliciesNorthern1.ights(北极光)fakenewsHW新闻)protectionOfcufturalrelics(文物保护)3%而5个作业触能作所助学牛.犷依迭邦演讲话总的MJ路.在发这个作业小时建试提策学生参照课本笫49-51页自由联钊的例I、为灵活起儿.粗脩也可以根据校谍班级的情况另行选用适合学生的兴赛旬专业特点的次分类话