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1、英汉互译实践与技巧,第一讲 翻译简论第二讲 英汉语言对比研究第三讲 Amplification 增词法 第四讲 Omission 省略法第五讲 Nouns 英语名词的翻译第六讲 Prepositions 英语介词的翻译第七讲 Adjectives 英语形容词的翻译第八讲 Adverbs 英语副词的翻译第九讲 Hypotactic vs. Paratactic 形合与意合第十讲 Passive vs. Active 被动与主动第十一讲 Restructuring 结构调整第十二讲 Impersonal vs. Personal 物称与人称第十三讲 Affirmative vs. Negative
2、 肯定与否定第十四讲 Nominal Clauses 名词性从句第十五讲 Attributive Clause 定语从句第十六讲 Adverbial Clause 状语从句,实用文体翻译1：简历实用文体翻译2：求职信实用文体翻译3：通知实用文体翻译4：致辞实用文体翻译5：企业或学校简介实用文体翻译6：说明书实用文体翻译7：新闻实用文体翻译8：论文题目、摘要实用文体翻译9：科技英语,Assessment,Attendance （10%）Assignments（15%2= 30% ）Final Exam （60%）,Suggested reading books,仝益民 说词解句:英汉语言对比与翻
3、译大连理工大学出版社 2009年许建平 英汉互译实践与技巧清华大学出版社 2006年陈海庆布局谋篇:英汉篇章互译技巧大连理工大学出版社 2009年 郭著章、李庆生英汉互译实用教程武汉大学出版社 1996年张培基 英汉翻译教程上海外语教育出版社 1980年张光明 英语实用文体翻译中国科学技术大学出版社2009年连淑能 英汉对比研究高等教育出版社 1993年李瑞华 英汉语言文化对比研究上海外语教育出版社 1997年,第一讲-1 A Brief Introduction to Translation 翻译简论,一、教学重点： 1. 翻译的信达雅标准 2. 直译与意译二、教学内容：1. 翻译的重要作用
4、2. 翻译的性质和范围3. 翻译的原则和标准4. 直译与意译5. 翻译技巧种种,. Important Role of Translation翻译的重要作用,好的译文：Coca Cola可口可乐、Hacker 骇客、 club俱乐部 、 laser 激光不好的译文： laser镭射(名不副实) 、 menu菜单(容易误导) 、nylon尼龙(读写不一)“芳芳” FangfangMokasutu “默殺”,. Nature and Scope of Translation翻译的性质和范围,Definition定义举例:我国最流行的说法：“翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地
5、重新表达出来的语言活动”。美国翻译理论家E.A.Nida：“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体(风格)在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。”,英国翻译教育家Peter Newmark：“It is rendering the me
6、aning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. 翻译是按作者的创造意图把一篇文章的意思用另一种语言描述出来的过程。”英国的J.Catford：“翻译是把一种语言的文字材料替换为另一种语言的对等的文字材料。”现代汉语词典：“翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。”,. Nature and Scope of Translation翻译的性质和范围,Nature性质：Translation is not a word for word activity1、她现在非常
7、红. *She is very red now. (She is very popular now.)2、你给我站住！*You Give Me Stop! (Stand!)3、蠢蠢欲動。 *Stupid stupid want to move . (Be ready to do sth.(bad)4、寒暄 *coldly talk for a while (to exchange greetings and make small talk )5、跳伞处 *Site of jumping umbrella (paragliding site)6、请爱护花草* Cherishing Flowers
8、 and Trees (keep off the grass.),. Nature and Scope of Translation翻译的性质和范围,. Nature and Scope of Translation翻译的性质和范围,类别：,. Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准,Principle原则：严复：信，达，雅（faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)鲁迅：易解、保持原作的风姿林语堂：忠实、通顺、美傅雷：神似说（spiritual conformity）钱钟书：化境说 (sublimed a
9、daptation)许渊冲：三美说（意美、音美、形美）泰特勒Tytler ：翻译三原则费道罗夫等：等值论 (translation equivalence)奈达：读者反应论 (dynamic equivalence),. Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准,Principle原则：严复Yan Fu ：the first Chinese who made a penetrating（敏锐的） and relatively systematic study of translation standard in modern times. Ev
10、olution and Ethics天演论The Wealth of Nations 国富论,. Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准,Principle原则：严复：信 faithfulness/ accuracy 忠实/准确达 expressiveness/ smoothness通顺/流畅雅 elegance ?,. Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则和标准,Principle原则：译文和原文的关系： faithfulness/ accuracy 忠实/准确 original conten
11、ts original meaning and views original form and style译文和读者的关系： expressiveness/ smoothness通顺/流畅 easy, readable rendering idiomatic expression,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Process翻译过程：理解 Comprehension ：comprehend the source text completely表达 Expression：render the source text into t
12、he target language text (a rough translation)校正 Proofreading：proofread the rough translation & polish,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,理解：1. semantic system 语言分析2. context (linguistic and nonlinguistic) 语境分析3. background information and specialized knowledge4. Logic 逻辑分析,. Literal Tr
13、anslation and Free Translation 直译与意译,表达：Context Avoid translationese 翻译腔 所谓“翻译腔”是指译文表达不流畅,似通非通,不地道,诘屈聱牙,给人“怪怪的”感觉,简单地说,就是汉译出现“欧化”(Europeanized)现象而英译出现“汉化”(Chinglish)现象例：-照搬词典的释义,望词生义 She then uncrossed her legs. 她于是使她的腿不交叉。 于是她收起二郎腿。,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,怎样避免：1. 具有端正的翻译态度
14、2. 正确使用工具书3. 了解英汉语主要差别4. 掌握必要的翻译技巧5. 培养跨文化意识,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,校正：1. 对原作理解的错误；2. 原作词句或段落的漏译；3. 译文中措辞不当之处或错别字；4. 译文语句不通顺的地方；5. 人名、地名、日期、数字、专有名词等方面的误译；6. 译文的格式是否合乎规范；7. 译文的标点符号和其他专用符号使用是否正确；8. 是否应添加必要的注释，等等。,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,直译的例子： crocodi
15、le tears 鳄鱼的眼泪； armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿； chain reaction 连锁反应； gentlemens agreement 君子协定 one country, two systems 一国两制； The three religions and the nine schools of thought 三教九流； paper tiger 纸老虎； go to ones external rest 安息；the long sleep 长眠； see Marx 见马克思；go west 上西天； go to heaven 上天堂；,. Literal Tra
16、nslation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Free Translation 意译：an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns or figures of speech.E.g.：粗枝大叶（比喻工作粗糙，做事不认真细致；形容很简略，不细致，不具体。 ）To be crude and careless (死译：with big branches an
17、d large leaves)无孔不入（比喻有空子就钻。 含贬义 ）To take advantage of every weakness, poke into every nook and corner (死译：to get into every hole),. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,意译的例子： Adams apple 喉结； at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟 It rains cats and dogs. 大雨滂沱. Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的
18、吗？,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,More Examples：1) Little fish does not eat big fish. 直译：小鱼吃不了大鱼。 意译：胳膊拧不过大腿。2) Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid. 直译：再丑的罐子也不愁配个盖儿。 意译：再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家/丑女不愁嫁。3) What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster! 直译：孵出来是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡！ 意译：生就是个女人就别想冒充
19、男人！,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,直译字对字翻译 word for word translation ：直译要近情理，便于读者理解、接受，否则就会变成硬译、死译。 How are you? *怎么是你？ How old are you? *怎么老是你？ He is lying on his back . 他卧在他的背上。 心花怒放 heart flower angry open to be wild with joy; to be elated; to feel exuberantly happy; to burst wi
20、th joy ,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation：Word-for-word translation: translate word by word without making any adjustment, starchy, stiff, unintelligible (死板、生硬、难理解) unacceptable, unqualified translationLiteral trans
21、lation: make some necessary adjustment; smooth, clear & natural. Can have almost the same feeling as the SLR. acceptable, good translation,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Free translation wishful translation (to add or delete the content of the original, or add personal emotion)意译应当
22、注重事实依据，不能无中生有、随意杜撰，否则就会变成胡译、乱译。,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Relationship between literal translation and free translation：Complementary, instead of contradictoryLiteral translation and free translation may be alternatively used in the process of translation.,. Literal Translatio
23、n and Free Translation 直译与意译,1) Dont lock the stable door after the horses has been stolen. Literal translation: 不要等马被盗后,才去锁楖门.Free translation: 不要贼走关门.2) Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor it is a way to make social problem evaporate. Literal translation: 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮
24、,也不能使社会问题烟消云散.Free translation: 砸镜子并不能解决实际问题.,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,3) 无风不起浪 Literal translation: There are no waves without wind. Free translation: Theres no smoke without fire.,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,Some sentences can only be translated freely.
25、 Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that hold us in.Literal translation: 我们的儿子一定得进学校，他一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子. Free translation: 我们的儿子一定要上学，一定要出人头地.,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,When to use free translation?1. When it is difficult to understand if translated litera
26、lly;2. When literal translation can not express the deep meaning of the original;3. When idioms can be used.,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,1) Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself. Literal translation: *也许Kino会割掉自己的脑袋，把自己毁了. Free translation: 也许Kino走了绝路，自己毁了自己.
27、2) Cast pearls before swine. Literal translation: *把珍珠扔到猪面前. Free translation: 对牛弹琴.3) Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. Literal translation: *Barbara嘴里叼着银调羹出生的. Free translation: Barbara出生于富贵人家.,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,How to use them properly and proficien
28、tly?know source language and target language culture as much as possible and have extensive knowledge with the problems which the original wrote or talked prehend source language message correctly and thoroughly.practice makes perfect.,. Literal Translation and Free Translation 直译与意译,All roads lead
29、to Rome. 条条大道通罗马 不能译成：殊途同归To teach ones grandmother to eat eggs. 教老祖母吃鸡蛋 班门弄斧 班门弄斧：show off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter.,. Translation Techniques 翻译技巧种种,影响因素：1.Text Types2.Translation Purpose3.Socio-cultural Constraints技巧方法源于翻译实践,Practice,1. He was a dead shot.
30、However, he met his Waterloo this time.2. After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery ground.3. He carried his age astonishingly well.4. Shed never again believe anything in trousers.5. Nixon was pleased by the distinction, but not overwhelmed.6. Ill have Lisa where I want
31、 her. 7. Yet China was a land of constant surprise and shifting impression.,Answer,1. 他是一个神枪手，可这一次却遭到惨败。 （遭遇了滑铁卢）2. 他上一篇小说写砸了，他的名声从此岌岌可危。3. 他一点儿不显老，面容年轻得令人惊讶。4. 她再也不愿相信任何男人。5. 尼克松对受到破格礼遇非常高兴，但并没有受宠若惊。6. 我要让丽莎乖乖听话。7. 而中国是一片令人惊讶、日新月异的土地。,Send=送？1. Who sent the letter? 2. Have you sent off the order? 3
32、. Please send him in. 4. He sends words that he wouldnt be coming. 5. Could you send sb. to help us? 6. Please send the goods by air.7. The shot sent the birds flying away. 8. Send for the doctor, please.,送 = send? 1. 送某人一本书 2. 送礼3. 送信 4. 送客5. 送行 6. 送雨伞7. 送命 8. 送孩子上学9. 送某人回家 10. 将卫星送上天11. 送葬 12. 送罪犯
33、上法庭审判,Answer 1. give sb. a book 2. present a gift to sb.3. deliver a message 4. see a visitor out5. see sb. Off6. bring sb. an umbrella7. lose ones life (get killed)8. take a child to school9. escort sb. home 10. launch a satellite11. take part in a funeral procession12. hand the criminal over to th
34、e court for trial,第一讲-2 英汉语言对比研究,一、教学重点： 1. 英汉语言宏观对比 2. 提高三种翻译能力二、教学内容：1. 英汉语言宏观对比2. 通过比较研究和翻译批评提高实际能力,. 英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs. Analytic）综合型语言，运用词的形态变化来表达语法关系。e.g. German, Old English.分析型语言，不运用词的形态变化而用词序及虚词等手段来表达语法关系。e.g. Chinese现代English：综合-分析型语言，Three major grammatical devices of English
35、: Inflection形态变化, word order词序, and function words虚词,. 英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs. Analytic）1. 英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 英语：affixation词缀变化(prefix前缀、suffix后缀), gender性, number数, case格, tense时, aspect体, voice语态, mood语气, degree of comparison比较级, person人称, parts of speech词性汉语：“着”、“了”、“过”、“的”、“地”、“得”之类的
36、助词,. 英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs. Analytic）2. 英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定 英语词序倒置的现象较多（原因在于：形态变化和运用丰富的连接词）。汉语只能按照表意的需要排列词序。,. 英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs. Analytic）2. 英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定 定语的位置A candidate with little chance of success一个当选希望极微的候选人英国是第一个承认中国的西方大国。Britain was the first west power to acknowle
37、dge the P.R.C.,. 英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs. Analytic）2. 英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定 状语的位置English：S+V+O+ manner + place + timeChinese：S + time + place+ manner + P +O 她温柔地点了点头。 She nodded in a tender way./ tenderly. 她每天清晨在室外高声朗读英语。,. 英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（Synthetic vs. Analytic）3. 英汉都有大量的虚词，但各有特点英语：articles冠
38、词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries助动词, coordinators并列连接词, subordinators从属连接词汉语：介词、连词、 助词 动态助词：着、了、过 结构助词：的、地、得 语气助词：吗、呢、吧、啊、嘛、呀、哪,. 英汉语言宏观对比,二、紧凑与松散（ Compact vs. Diffusive ）英语的主谓结构可归纳为五种基本句型： SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, SVOC各种长短句子，一般都可以看作是这五种基本句型及其变式、扩展、组合、省略或倒装。 语法一致原则 grammatical concord 意义一致原则 notional conco
39、rd 就近原则 principle of proximity注重形式接应 formal coherence,. 英汉语言宏观对比,二、紧凑与松散（ Compact vs. Diffusive ）汉语主谓结构要复杂得多，注重意念连贯（semantic coherence） 警察抓住了小偷； 三个小偷都抓住了；(受事主语) 昨晚抓住了三个小偷；(时间主语) 公共汽车上抓住了三个小偷。(地点主语),. 英汉语言宏观对比,三、形合与意合（ Hypotactic vs. Paratactic ）Hypotactic: 句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。Par
40、atactic: 词语和分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。,. 英汉语言宏观对比,三、形合与意合（ Hypotactic vs. Paratactic ）英语：形合法：关系词、连接词、介词、其他汉语：意合法：语序、反复、排比、对偶、对照、紧缩句、四字格英语句子：一棵参天大树，一串葡萄树形扩展，多枝共干，节外生枝汉语句子：一根竹子线型扩展，连续铺排，逐步交代，层层铺开,. 英汉语言宏观对比,三、形合与意合（ Hypotactic vs. Paratactic ）车未停稳，请勿上下。Never get on or off the bus before
41、it comes to a standstill.无事不登三宝殿。I wouldnt come to you if I hadnt something to ask of you.他不来，我不去。If he wont come here, Ill not go there.欲盖弥彰The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed.,. 英汉语言宏观对比,四、繁复与简短（Complex vs. Simplex）英语：从属结构是现代英语最重要的特点之一。句子呈句首封闭、句尾开放。书面语句子长而复杂，环扣相嵌，盘根错节，句中有句。造句采用“楼房建
42、筑法”。汉语：常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式的复句，以中短句居多。句子呈句首开放、句尾收缩。造句采用“流水记事法”。注重繁简句式与文体的关系。,. 英汉语言宏观对比,四、繁复与简短（Complex vs. Simplex）英译汉时要破句重组，化繁为简。In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours.门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。,. 英汉语言宏观对比,五、物称与人称（ Impersonal vs. Personal
43、）英语：常用物称表达法。不用人称来叙述，而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。汉语：常用人称表达法。较注重主题思维，以“万物皆备于我”作主导，从自我出发叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态。,. 英汉语言宏观对比,五、物称与人称（ Impersonal vs. Personal ）英语常用非人称主语，汉语常用人称主语Alarm began to take entire possession of him.他开始变得惊恐万状。An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到了一个主意。“无灵主语”+“有灵动词”Beijing has witnessed a great many h
44、istorical events.北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。,. 英汉语言宏观对比,五、物称与人称（ Impersonal vs. Personal ）英语常用被动式，采用物称表达法；汉语常用主动式，采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.发现了错误，一定要改正。Specialties in colleges and universities should be adjusted and teaching methods improved.必须调整高等院校的专业设置，改进教学方法。,. 英汉语言宏观对比,六
45、、被动与主动（Passive vs. Active）英语常用被动语态原因：1、施事的原因：施事未知而难以言明The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged.施事从上下文中可以不言自明She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned.,. 英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（Passive vs. Active）施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调Her only son was run over by a
46、 car.由于特殊原因而不要指明施事Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.,. 英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（Passive vs. Active）原因：2、句法的要求：为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibres”, and these fibres can b
47、e made into cloth.为了使句子平衡，保持末端中心和末端重量，以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯I was astonished that he was prepared to give me a job.,. 英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（Passive vs. Active）原因：3、文体的需要：科技文体、新闻文体、公文文体、论述文体,. 英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（Passive vs. Active）汉语常用意义被动式(用主动形式表达被动意义)原因：1、汉语被动式的使用受到限制：It was done.这件事已做。It was well done.这件事做得好。
48、It was poorly done.这件事做得不好。/这件事搞坏了。/这件事被弄坏了。/这件事给弄糟了。“让、给、叫、挨、受、遭、蒙”，大多表达不如意或不企望,. 英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（Passive vs. Active）汉语常用主动形式表达英语的被动意义Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.人的思想形成了语言，而语言又影响了人的思想。Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church.在教堂里，人们不仅要有礼貌，而且应该有一种虔
49、诚的态度。,. 英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（Passive vs. Active）2、使用受事主语导致大量的“当然被动句”昨晚我盖了两条被子。 Last night I was covered up with two quilts.一匹马骑两个人。Two persons rode one horse.,. 英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（Passive vs. Active）3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance must be given careful consid
50、eration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.,. 英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（Passive vs. Active）4、当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采用通称或泛称(如“人”、“有人”、“人们”、“人家”、“别人”、“某人”等)作主语，以保持句子的主动形式。It is said that 有人说，据说，据云Voices were heard calling for help.有人听见呼救的声音。,. 英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（Passive vs. Active）5、当不便使用被动式时，汉语可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义。“把字
