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1、英语句子概论,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要: 主语和谓语；次要: 表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。,1. 句子的成分,主语:(Subject) 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等表示。例如：,1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often s
2、peak English in class. 3.One-third of the earth is covered by ocean water.4.To swim in the river is dangerous.5.Smoking does harm to the health.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,7.When we are going to have the summer holiday has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作
3、形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,*不定式（to do）,动名词（doing）,从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。,谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. The tourists put up a tent.,2、复合谓语：（1）由“情态动词+V原”。如： You may keep the book for two weeks.
4、 （2）由“1.be+Ving（进行时态） 2.be+Ved（被动语态） 3.will/be going to+V原（将来时态） 4.have/has+Ved（完成时态）”。如： They are working in a field. He has caught some fish in the sea.,宾语：（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。（1）由“及物动词+宾”。如： Your words influenced my mind. （2）由“不及物动词+介词+宾”。如： You shouldnt laugh at disabled children.
5、He has already caught up with his classmates.*名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句可以作宾语,例如： 1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.4.He refused to take his teachers advice.5.I wonder if you have seen his album.,（名词）,（代词、
6、动名词）,（名词、数词）,从句,（不定式）,6.They helped the old man with their housework yesterday.7.He pretended not to see me.8.I enjoy listening to popular music.9.I think（that）he is fit for his office.10.He asked where his dictionary was.,宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语sb.+直接宾语sth.），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please. to: write,
7、 tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如： He sent the novel to William yesterday. for: leave, buy, choose, cook, draw, find, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.,（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）， 用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语，它们有逻辑上的主谓关系。常接复合宾语的动词有：name
8、;call,tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make，get 等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in go
9、od order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3
10、.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）,6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time is up. The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（
11、表语从句）,“系动词+表语”的结构,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，（即：be+表语）例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状或态度，主要有keep, remain, continue,stay,stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad.,4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cl
12、oth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, 例如：The river was beginning to turn dry. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达结果是;证明是 ，之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.,以上的成分称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2-4个基本成分。,定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语.定语可由以下等成分表示
13、：Guilin is a beautiful city.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.There are thirty women teachers is our school.His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.He is re
14、ading an article about how to learn English.Tom is a boy who likes music very much.*常作定语的有“代词、形容词、分词、不定式、从句、介词短语”,（形容词）,（分词）,（名词）,（代词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。通常有副词，介词短语和从句充当状语种类如下：We should eat safely and healthily How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last ni
15、ght she didnt go to the dance party because ofthe rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）,She put the eggs into the basket with great care.方式状语She came in with a dictionary in her hand.伴随状语In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.目
16、的状语He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.结果状语She works very hard though she is old.让步状语I am taller than he is.比较状语*1.多个时间状语和地点状语:“小的在前，大的在后。” 2.既有时间状语又有地点状语：“地点在前、时间在后”,同位语: 对其前面的名词代词做进一步解释. That is Mr. Chen, our English teacher. 插入语: 对一句话作一些附加的解释. To be honest, I dont quite agree with you
17、.,定语，状语，同位语及插入语可以称为附属句子成分。,Last week I went to the supermarket.Last week I went to the supermarket. 状 主 谓 状The play was very interesting.The play was very interesting. 主 系状表I cant hear a word.I cant hear a word. 主谓 宾They were talking loudly.They were talking loudly. 主 谓 状,分析句子成分,It was Sunday.It was
18、 Sunday. 主 系 表I never get up early on Sundays.I never get up early on Sundays. 主状谓状状I looked at the young man and the young woman angrily.I looked at the young man and the 主谓 宾young woman angrily. 宾 状,I read a few lines,but I didnt understand a word.I read a few lines,but I didnt 主 谓 定 宾 连 主谓underst
19、and a word. 谓 宾My holidays passed quickly,but I didnt send cards to my friends.My holidays passed quickly,but I 主谓状 连主didnt send cards to my friends.谓 宾 状,I got up early and bought thirty cards.I got up early and bought thirty cards. 主谓 状 连 谓 定 宾He is working for a big firm and he has already visite
20、d a great number of different places in Australia.He is working for a big firm and he has 主 谓 状 连主谓already visited a great number of different 状谓 定 定places in Australia.宾 定,2. 简单句基本句型,英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一: + （主谓）基本句型二: + + （主系表）基本句型三: + + （主谓宾）基本句型四: + +O1 +2（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五: + + +(主谓宾宾补),基本句型 一 + （主谓）,此
21、句型中动词是不及物动词,能表达完整意思。主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，The red sun rises in the east.,2. _ Our chalk has run out. On hearing the news, he cheered. *高考经常考查的不及物动词: “发生” “用完,用光” “熄灭” go out*不及物动词的用法: 无 _, 无_,主语 + 谓语 (S + V),happen;occur; take place;come about; break out,run out give out,宾语(接宾语必须加介词）,被动语态,e.g. .“过
22、去的几年里我们学校发生了很大的变化” Our school has taken place great changes in the last few years. _ _. . Do you know what was happened yesterday?,(),Great changes have taken place in our school in the last few years.,(),基本句型 二 + + （主系表）,此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。系动词有三类：1.表示特征和存在状态的： b
23、e, seem, appear, feel ,look, smell, sound, taste2. 表状态延续的：remain, stay, keep, continue, stand3. 表状态变化 的：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow,基本句型 三 + +（主谓宾）,此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，才能使意思完整，而宾语成分的多样化使这一结构异常复杂。,基本句型 四 + +IO +（主谓间宾直宾）,此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多指物），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多
24、指人）。若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与介词to 或for。He bought me a beautiful skirt.He bought a beautiful skirt for me.,用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助 to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等（需借助for的）buy, call, cook, choos
25、e, draw, find, get, make, order, sing等。,基本句型 五 + + +（主谓宾宾补）,此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外，还需跟一个补充成分来不足宾语，才能使意思完整。,注意：用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。,即 主语 + 谓语 + it + 宾补 + 真正宾语。如，I found it very pleasant to be with your family.,常用于此句型的动词有:think, believe, consider, suppose, find, feel, make,使用it当形式宾语翻译下面的句子1
26、.他感到很难跟你交谈。 2.我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 3.学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 4. 我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。,1.He felt it very difficult to talk with you. 2.I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. 3.The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 4.I thought it no use talking with th
27、at man,You are sitting on the train home.Nothing happened.The rain has stayed for a week.The crowd are waiting for the governments answer.5.He often offers the old man his seat in the bus.6.You have made your teacher angry again.,主+谓（S+V）,主+谓（S+V）,主+系 +表（S+V+P）,主+动 +宾（SVO）,主+动 +间宾 +直宾（SVOiOd）,主+动 +宾
28、 +补（SVOC）,判断下列句子属于何种句式,Exercises :,Exercises :,翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：,1.我经常在早晨读英语。 2.玛丽是个聪明的学生。3.我的老师交给我一封信。4.我母亲经常叫我努力学习。5.我们叫我们的老师王先生 6.他正在房里做家庭作业。,1. I often read English in the morning.,2. Mary is a clever student.,3. My teacher gave me a letter.,4. My mother often asks me to study hard.,5. We call our
29、teacher Mr. Liu.,6. He is doing his homework in the room.,主 + 谓 + 宾,主 + 系 + 表,主 + 谓 + 双宾,主+ 谓 + 宾 +宾补,主+ 谓 + 宾 + 宾补,主 + 谓 + 宾,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,3.句子的分类,1）她喜欢集邮.,2）食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口.,3）我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了.,She is fond of collecting stamps.,The food was good, but
30、he had little appetite.,The film had begun when we got to the cinema.,翻译下列句子：,判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room.4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning
31、 and come back home at seven in the evening.,简单句,复合句,简单句,简单句,5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important.9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.,并列句,复合句,并列句,复合句,简单句,简单句,
