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1、语法复习- 句子成分,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。,二）主语：,主语 (Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。（但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。）主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、和主语从句等表示。例如：,Three plus two is five. It is a great pleasure to swim in the river Smoking does
2、 harm to the health. There are many students in my class. Are you a student? Here comes the bus.He can do it and so can I .Who will attend the meeting has not been decided. （主语从句）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（三）谓语,谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices r
3、unning every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students.,谓语 体现时态和语态。时态现在时：一般现在时:现在进行时:现在完成时:现在完成进行时:,过去时: 一般过去时: 过去进行时: 过去完成时： 过去将来时：,将来时: 一般将来时: 将来进行时: 将来完成时:,语态,Is /am/are+
4、-或does/do,Is/am/are+doing,Has/have +done,Has/have+been+doing,Was/were+-或did,Was/were+doing,Had+done,Would/should+do,Shall/will+do,Shall/will+be+doing,Shall/will+have+done,Is/am/are+,Is /am/are+being+,Has/have+been+,-,Was/were+,Was/were+being+,Had+been+,Would/should+be+,Shall/will+be+,-,Shall/will+ha
5、ve+been+,done,（与非谓语比较）,He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock. You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. We are students.,非谓语动词,to doto have doneto be doingto be doneto have been done,doinghaving donedonebeing donehaving been done,She found the door
6、 closed.2. Having been told many times, he made the same mistake.3. Given more time, we could do it much better.4. Walking on the street ,he came across his former teacher.5. The meeting being held is very important.6. A big fire broke out in a shop, causing 100 deaths.,（四）表语,表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性
7、质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动词ing、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,1.The weather has turned cold. 2. The speech is exciting.,3. His job is to teach English. 4. The meeting is of great importance. 5. Time is up. The class is over. 6. The truth is that he
8、has never been abroad.,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： 1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popu
9、lar music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（不定式短语）,（动词ing短语）,（宾语从句）,（六）宾语补足语,英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.His father named him Dongming.2.They painted their boat white.3. Let the fresh a
10、ir in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We often hear the song sung by him.7.We found everything in the lab in good order.8.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,（七）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)
11、。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city. 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.,5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.6.He is reading an article about how
12、to learn English.7.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.,（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）
13、,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Once you begin, you must continue.,（分词短语）,（状语从句）,9种状语种类如下：,1. How about meeting again at six? when I come back.2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. because it rained.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smi
14、th lives on the third floor. where we once lived.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care. As I do.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. In order that he can catch with the others7.He was so
15、 tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如： 1.This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. 2. Many students, about 60, are in my class. 3.The fact that our tea
16、m won the game has been known to all.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe-)等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.,句子成分详解表,第一种：S+Vi (主语+谓语动词)第二种：S+Vt+O (主语+谓语动词+宾语) 第三种：S+V+P (主语+连系动词+表语)第四种：S+Vt+InO+DO (主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语)第五种：S+Vt+O+OC (主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语),基
17、本句型汉译英练习主谓结构（S十V）,本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。 如：The sun rises.主语可有修饰语-定语，如，The red sun rises.谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，The red sun rises in the east.,2S十Vt十O主谓宾结构,Ilove you. Theytookgoodcareofthechildren,3. S十V十P主系表结构,I am a student.,4.S十Vt十O十C主谓宾补结构,说明: 用宾补补充说明宾语，才能表达一个完整的意念，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。 You make me happ
18、y.,5.S十Vt十O1十O2主谓双宾结构,I teach you English.,练习,（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.,With very little contact betwee
19、n China and the West,it is not surprising that people in a rich powerful place like Venice could not believe his stories, nor in the idea of huge, rich city states inhabited by millions of people.,6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to b
20、e an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.,S.,Predicate,S.,Predicative,Predicate,O.,Adverbial,AO.,RO.,14. Do you have
21、 anything else to say?15. To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.,O.,Attribute,Parenthesis,O
22、.,Adverbial,Adverbial,AS.,Predicative,O.C.,O.C.,Predicative,指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：On the left of my house is an old church.Why could the boiling point of water be lower at the top of a mountain?3. I am not going to work today.4. This thing is for peeling potatoes.5.What time will you arrive?6.The Genie p
23、romised that if anyone should come and set him free, he would make him very rich.7. What nationality are you?,S.,S.,V.,Prep.O.,Adv.,O.C.,Predicative,8. I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50. 9. I am terribly confused by all this information.10. We had already reached 9000 feet by t
24、hen.11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12. Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit.14. It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.,Adverbial,V.,O.C.,O.,O.C.,S.,O.,(二)。划分句子成分1.we are working .2.I can swim very well .3.Th
25、e waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4.Why does the wind blow .5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music .7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow .,9.I have a lot of clothes to wash . I have a l
26、ot of clothes to be washed .10.He gave his son some advice on reading .11.Read me the first paragraph .12.Ive ordered some soup for you .13.He began leaning English ten years ago .14.My being late worried my teacher .15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us .16.April Day is
27、 the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone .,17.He usually takes a nap after lunch ,as is his habit .18.I found the book in the corner of the room.19.he finished lunch and went into the garden .20.The telephone rang .21.We study hard .22.His father might have died .23.Will you leav
28、e the door open when going out .24.Can you make the dog stand still ?,25.The landlord had them working day and night .26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing .27.We all breathe ,eat, drink .28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning .29.The book weighs five kilos .30.They will
29、be flying to London .31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me .32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.,33.Please pass a newly- published to me .34.He lived in Guang Zhou .35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees .36.His uncle left him some money .37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years .38.I like popular music .39.She knows what to do next .40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school .,Bye-bye !,
