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1、,1. 动词不定式,2. v-ing（现在分词和动名词）与 v-ed（过去分词）,3. 非谓语动词的用法比较,Grammar Review2,时态 主动形式 被动形式一般时 to write to be written进行时 to be writing完成时 to have written to have been written完成进行时 to have been writing,不定式的形式变化（以write为例）,1.1 不定式的一般式、进行式、完成 进行式或完成式： 将不定式表示的动作所发生的时间与句子谓语表示的动作（状态）所发生的时间进行对比，可将不定式分成以下四种形式。,1. 动词
2、不定式,一般式： 表示不定式的动作与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。 Who heard him say that? （几乎同时发生） They arranged to start early. （后于谓语发生）,2) 进行式： 表示主谓的动作发生时，不定式的动作正 在进行。 They are said to be building another bridge across the river. They seem to be getting along quite well. He pretended to be listening attentively.,3）
3、完成进行式： 表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的时间之前一直在进行。 The struggle was known to have been going on for over twenty years. We are happy to have been workingwith you.,4) 完成式： 表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作（状态）就完成了。 Mrs Brown is supposed to have left for Italy last week. Im sorry to have made such a foolish mistake. He seems to have missed
4、 the train.,注： 不定式的完成式常用作主语补足语（如例1和例3），也用于“be+形容词”之后作表示原因的状语（如第2句） 不定式的完成式位于表示愿望、意图的及物动词如：expect, wish, suppose, plan, intend, hope, want, mean 或动词 be 之后可表示过去曾打算做而实际没有做到的事情。I meant to have telephoned. but I forgot. 我本来想打电话的，但我忘了。He was to have been the ambassador, but he fell ill. 他本来是要出任新任大使的，但他病倒了
5、。,动词不定式有主动态及被动态之分，当不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式所表示的动作的执行者时，该不定式用主动态；当不定式的逻辑上的主语是该不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，该不定式用被动态。 被动态不定式可在句中充当如下一些语法作用：,1.2 不定式的被动态,Is it possible for our hopes to be realized ? （作主语） She hated to be flattered . （奉承） （作宾语） He wanted the letter to be typed at once. （作宾语补足语） The books are not allowed to be t
6、aken out of the room. （作主语补足语） There are a lot of things to be done.（作定语） She was too young to be assigned such work. （作状语）,此外，不定式的主动态或被动态与一定的语言环境有密切关系，请注意以下几点。 1) 在there be 结构中的不定式用主动态或被动态均可，口语中用主动态代替被动态的情况更多。 There is not much work to do/to be done. 2) 在tooto结构中，如主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式用主动态比用被动态更为普通。 Ato
7、ms are too small to see/to be seen.,3) 当不定式位于“be+形容词”后并与句子的主语具有动宾关系时，不定式总是用主动态。Dirty water is nasty to drink. （不说：to be drunk）The question is difficult to answer. （不说：to be answered）,如果上述结构中的不定式属于不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。 The river is dangerous to bathe in. Good conversation is often exciting to listen
8、 to.,如果上述结构中的不定式属于不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。 The river is dangerous to bathe in. Good conversation is often exciting to listen to.,这种情况同样适用于作名词后置定语的不定式。如果不定式与被修饰的名词之间有动宾关系，也应该在不及物动词构成的不定式后加上适当的介词，如：,a comfortable house to live ina very nice person to get along witha difficult problem to deal with,英语中不定式
9、不能带符号to的情况可归纳如下： 1) 在情态动词和助动词can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must之后的不定式。 2) 在使役动词let, make, have和感觉动词之后作宾补的不定式. 3) 在Why或Why not 后常直接用不带to的不定式构成问句。 Why come so late? Why not stay away from them?,1.5 不带to的不定式的用法小结,4) 在 had better/best, would rather, would ratherthan, would sooner t
10、han, may/might as well（还是为好）， cannot (choose) but（不得不）， do nothing/anything but, do nothing/anything except 等之后的不定式。,You had better tell them the truth. They would rather try and fail than give up the plan. She was so resolute that we couldnt but let her try. I have done nothing except / but do what
11、 I should.,不定式的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语，但有时则需另加专门的逻辑主语。引出不定式逻辑主语通常用“for+名词/代词宾语”，但当有关有形容词表示人的感情色彩、性格脾气时，不定式的逻辑主语则通常用“of+名词/代词宾语”。,1.6 不定式的逻辑主语,1) “for+名词/代词宾格”引出的逻辑主语 It is impossible for us to learn a third foreign language. We must try to make it possible for lost time to be recovered. He opened the gate for
12、 the car to enter. The best thing for us is to make our own decision.,2) “of+名词/代词宾格”引出的逻辑主语 It is so kind of you to think so much of us. It was foolish of her to believe him. 注：与第二种形式的不定式逻辑主语的关的形容词常见的有：good, kind, stupid, foolish, wise, clever, unwise, silly, wrong, right, careless, considerate, th
13、oughtful, rude, polite, impolite, naughty 等。,3) “with+名词/代词宾格“引出的逻辑主语With the Party branch to lead them, they will finish the task ahead of time.,不定式在句中可充当的语法作用有以下几种。 1) 作主语 当不定式（短语）内容简短时可直接位于句首主语的位置上；当不定式（短语）内容较多时则移后，用先行代词It代替主语。例如：To persevere means victory!,1.7 不定式的语法作用小结,2) 作表语 不定式作表语一般位于系动词be之后
14、。 Our main task now is to develop the students ability to carry on independent work. 3) 作宾语 不定式在某些及物动词后面作宾语。 She pretended not to see me. 4) 作宾补/主补 不定式作宾补或主补的 You made me laugh.,5) 作定语 不定式可位于某些名词、不定代词、序数词后面作后置定语。可分以下四类。 抽象名词，如：wish, way, chance, opportunity, courage, determination, decision, tendenc
15、y, right, intention, ambition, attempt, promise, ability, capacity, anxiety, refusal, eagerness, plan 等，这种结构中的不定式与被修饰名词之间有同位关系或具体说明先行名词。,We must have the courage to say that we are ignorant.This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience.Is that the best way to solve the problem?, 表示为了做事而需要使用
16、某物的名词。 Have you got a key to unlock the door? 与不定式能构成动宾搭配的一些名词。 I gave him a comic（连环漫画）to read. He needs a place to live in. She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 作序数词的后置定语，旨在对序数词作具体说明。 We declare that China wont be the first to use nuclear weapons.,6) 做状语 表示目的We started earl
17、y to avoid being late.I came in order to hear the report.Ill leave soon so as not to / in order not to disturb you., 表示结果He arrived late to find the train gone.I worked late into the night, only to find I had not finished half of the job.（only+不定式可表示一种意思不到的结果）He was so friendly as to be always helpf
18、ul to his neighhours.（so as to与soas to 的区别在于：前者表示目的；后者表示结果）His is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy.（=His story is so sad as to）We are too tired to walk any further., 表示原因 不定式作表示原因的状语有两种形式(1) 位于“be+形容词/过去分词”之后；(2) 位于“with/without+名词/代词宾格”之后。I am sorry to hear you are not well.We are greatly
19、 delighted to have a native as our guide.With him to stay in the house I feel quite safe.Without anything to eat he died of hunger.,2.V-ing（现在分词和动名词）与v-ed（过去分词）,2.1 V-ing的一般式和完成式 V-ing的一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生或稍先于谓语动词发生的动作，在某些特定的动词（如：suggest, put off等）之后也可以表示在谓语动词的动作之后发生的动作。 Last night I enjoyed his playing a
20、t the concert. （同时发生） Taking up his belongings, he walked out of his office. （稍先于谓语发生） He suggested spending the evening in his aunts. （后于谓语发生）,V-ing 的完成式表示的是在谓语动词之前已完成的动作。He was praised for having done so much work for the public.He did not realize having made a serious mistake.Having found the sol
21、ution, we felt greatly relieved. 注：V-ing的完成式经常用作状语表示时间，原因等,位于句首（如第3句）,2.2 V-ing的被动形式 V-ing的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是该V-ing所表示的动作的承受者。He dislikes being interrupted in his experiment.The problem being discussed is of vital importance.Having been invited to speak, Ill start making preparations tomorrow.,2.5 位于介词to
22、后面的V-ing 某些动词或介词短语的末尾有介词to，此时切不可将其看成是不定式符号to,因为这些短语的末尾介词to必须后续V-ing, 这种“to+V-ing”结构有：,.He devoted every Saturday afternoon to fishing. He studies hard with a view to serving the people better in the future. I object to being blamed for something that I havent done.,这种“介词to+V-ing”还可出现于“形容词+介词to”的结构中，
23、如：deaf to 不愿听；equal to 有力量，能力；loyal to 忠于；preferable to 较合人意；similar to 类似；superior to 优于，胜过 等。,2.6 某些固定结构中的V-ing 在如下一些固定结构中往往用 V-ing: It is (of ) no use/no good/useless+ V-ing; have fun/trouble/difficulty/a hard time+ V-ing be busy+ V-ing be late+ V-ing be worth+ V-ing be through+ V-ing spend/waste
24、 time+ V-ing lose no time+ V-ing 不失时机（做某事） prevent. sb. + V-ing whats the use+ V-ing there is no + V-ing 不可能,2.8 V-ing与V-ed的语法作用小结 1) V-ing作主语 V-ing位于句首主语的位置上作主语，情况类似于不定式作主语，当V-ing短语与某些表语搭配时可后移，并在主语位置上由先进代词it代替，这类表语有：tiring, interesting, nice, better, foolish, fun, no good, a waste of time, a bore 等
25、。Crossing the Atlantic by plane takes only a few hours nowadays.Its foolish behaving like that.Its fun having guests for the weekend.,2) V-ing与V-ed作表语 V-ing作表语时可分成名词性及形容词性，而V-ed分词作表语则总是形容词性的。My favorite sport is swimming. （名词性）Prices are stable and the market is flourishing . （形容词性）The door is locke
26、d. （形容词性）,3) V-ing作动词/介词宾语 V-ing作可以动词的宾语，此外，V-ing也经常作介词宾语。 I couldnt risk missing that train. Did you take part in installing the equipment? Who is responsible for organizing the excursion？,4) V-ing 与 V-ed 作宾补I saw Mary entering the office.Im sorry to have kept you waiting.I hate young people smokin
27、g.We saw the thief arrested.They kept everything locked.I consider the matter settled.,5) V-ing与V-ed作定语 一般来说，V-ing作定语多表示动作上的主动或进行，V-ing作定语多表示动作的被动或完成。Will the people sitting at the back please keep quiet?There were a lot of people cutting rice in the fields.This is the book recommended by the profes
28、sor.The material needed is iron.,6) V-ing与V-ed作状语 表示时间Arriving at the station, he found his train gone.Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful. 表示原因Born and bred a countryman (因为生长在农村)，he could not live happily in London.Knowing English well, he translated the article without a dictionary. 表示条件
29、Given more time, he would be able to do better.Working hard, you will succeed., 表示结果A letter has just come, relieving me from anxiety. 表示让步，经常由though或although引出Although / Though working very hard,he didnt feel a bit tired. 表示伴随状况和方式He sat in the chair reading a newspaper.,7) 连词+V-ing/V-ed结构 当+V-ing与
30、V-ed作状语时表示时间、条件、让步及方式时，有时可在分词短语前加上 when, while, before, after, until, if, unless, though, although, as if, as though 这样的连词。When summoned（呼唤）by her nurse, she rose and departed very quickly.While reading, I fell asleep.He raised his eyes, looked at her as though peering over the top of spectacles.He
31、will be imprisoned if caught by the police.Even if invited, I wont go.Though surrounded, the soldiers were not discouraged.,不定式，V-ing, V-ed在某些语法功能方面是相同的，掌握它们的区别对于正确使用是很重要的。以下我们对这三种非谓语动词在作定语、宾补、状语、表语等方面加以比较及区别。,3. 非谓语动词的用法比较,3.1 不定式，V-ing, V-ed作名词的后置定语时的区别 一般来说，作后置定语的不定式多表示一个未来的动作，当它修饰抽象名词时不存在与被修饰名词之
32、间的逻辑主谓关系。 作后置定语的V-ing有浓厚的“进行”意味，而且与被修饰名词之间构成明显的逻辑主谓关系。 作后置定语的V-ed有浓厚的“完成”意味，而且与被修饰名词之间构成明显的逻辑主谓关系。We can see the childrens anxiety to go to the beach. （表示未来的动作）The students waving red flags and banners lined the streets. （表示进行中的动作）The method adopted was thought to be effective. （表示完成的动作）,3.2 不定式，V-i
33、ng, V-ed作宾语补足语时的区别 不定式作宾补时多表示动作的完成，即全过程；V-ing 多表示的进行；V-ed则表示动作的完成或被动。对某些动词的来说，用不定式的被动态或V-ed 作宾补区别不大。 I watched her cross the street.（表示“穿越”的全过程） I saw him crossing the road. （表示“正在穿越”） Jane had her bad tooth pulled out at the dentists. （表示动作完成）,3.3 不定式，V-ing, V-ed作状语时的区别 三种非谓语动词作状语时的区别有以下几点。 1) 不定式可
34、位于句首或谓语之后或采用so as to, in order to 作 表示目的的状语，而V-ing, V-ed则几乎不能。2) 不定式可位于谓语之后或在be+形容词（或分词）之后作表示原因的状语，而V-ing, V-ed则往往位于句首用逗号与句子分开，表示原因，试比较： We were surprised to find them there. Being ill all last year, he lived in a sanitorium.（疗养院） Absorbed in the work, he neglected food and sleep.3) V-ing与V-ed可表示时间、
35、让步、方式等状语意义而不定式则几乎不能。,Translate the following sentences into English.1. 这是一个昨天已经 讨论了的问题。2. 这是一个正在 讨论的问题。3. 这是一个将要 讨论的问题。This is a problem discussed yesterday. （已经完成的被动动作）This is a problem being discussed. （正在进行的被动动作）This is a problem to be discussed. （将要进行的被动动作）,discussed,being discussed,to be discus
36、sed,已经,正在,将要,考点一;to do/-ing与done的基本区别,1I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2The trees _in the storm have been moved off the road A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down,知识链接,考点一;不定式、现在分词与过去分词的基本区别,被动,主动被动
37、,done,-ing,to do,完成,进行,将来,时间关系,主动,主动,【分析】答案选 C。动词不定式表示未来的动作。,【分析】答案选B。 blown down表“完成、被动”,知识链接,结合句子意思，考察非谓语动词与相应逻辑主语的关系，若为主动关系，用主动式；若为被动关系，用被动式。特别注意，过去分词没有相应的被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动。如：,考点二;考查非谓语动词的主动式与被动式。,1 I feel greatly honored _ into their society.A to welcome B welcoming C to be welcomed D welcome2 I h
38、ear theyve promoted Tom, but he didnt mention_ when we talked on the phone.A to promote B having been promoted C having promoted D to be promoted,2 Her dress has become loose. She appears_ weight. A to lose B to have lost C losing D being lost3._ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly r
39、ealized he had left the cheque in the car. Waiting B To wait C Having waited D To have waited,知识链接,考点三、考查非谓语动词一般式和完成式的用法,当非谓语动词比谓语动词先发生时，用完成时，否则用一般式做题时要注意根据题干所提供的语境来推断这种先后关系。,When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there_ for a space flight. A. training B. being trained C. to have trained
40、D. to be trained,考点四；考查非谓语动词作状语,_the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day.A. Completing B. Complete C. Completed D. To complete,原则动词用作目的状语，原则上要用to do,考点四；考查非谓语动词作状语,1.He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together A. noting B. noted C. to
41、note D. having noted 2. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not_， and asked myself what I was going to do. A. moved B. moving C. to move D. Being moved3. He sat _ to her _ the stairs. A. to listen; to climb B. listening; to climb C. listening; climb D. listening; to climbing,原则动词用作伴随状语，
42、原则上要用-ing.,【解析】A项是个陷阱，如选A则stood, moved, asked构成三个并列谓语，而谓语的否定应didnt move而非not moved 句意为：当信号灯变绿时，我站在那儿一会儿没动，心想自己该怎么办。,考点四；考查非谓语动词作状语,to do目的状语,-ing伴随状语,与谓语动词的动作同时,发生在谓语动词的动作后,带一逗号,放在主句后不能有逗号,考点四；考查非谓语动词作状语,to do,-ing,一定逻辑结果,非逻辑结果,意料之外,意料之中,原则用作结果状语时，可用-ing或不定式，但有区别在于,1 5. The glass doors have taken th
43、e place of the wooden ones at the entrance，_ in the natural light during the day. A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let。 2 He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left. A. to find B. findingC. found D. to have found,真题再现,【解析 此处用-ing 表示自然而然的结果。,【解析】only to do sth 在此表示出人意料的结果。,考点五、考查非谓
44、语动词作宾补的用法。,考查非谓语作宾补的常见搭配,1.需要不定式作宾语补足语的动词：ask, advise, allow, beg, believe, call on, cause, command, direct, feel, expect, enable, encourage, force, get, hate, intend, invite, lead，like, order, permit, persuade, prefer，request, remind, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。2. 要求省掉不定式的to作宾补的动词：五看see, look a
45、t, observe, watch notice 三使have, let, make 两听hear, listen to,一感feel,。,（吾看两厅三室一感觉）,feel/see notice/watch look atlisten to hear,meikpsmcarfed (妹可不是磨咖啡的),+,sb.,dodoing done,+,merdowphal,轻松记忆,只+-ing,只+to do,(“磨豆腐哦！”），,mind,enjoy,imagine,keep,practise,suggest,miss,consider,avoid,risk,finish,escape,delay,
46、manage,expect,refuse,decide/demand/determine,offer,wish,promise, pretend, plan,hope,ask/agree,learn/long,考点一;不定式、现在分词与过去分词的基本区别,考点二;考查非谓语动词的主动式与被动式。,考点三、考查非谓语动词一般式和完成式的用法,考点四；考查非谓语动词作状语,考点五、考查非谓语动词作宾补的用法。,考查热点,非谓语动词解题 四大步骤,什么时候使用非谓语动词,当一个句子中,有两个或两以上的独立动词时,又没有连词，那么就要进行非谓语动词化.,（一）分析句子结构,辨别“谓与非谓”,（一）分析
47、句子结构,辨别“谓与非谓”,_many times , but he still couldnt understand it .,2. _many times , he still couldnt understand it .,A. Having been told B. Being told C. He had been told D. Though he was told,C,_,A,注意连词,3.It _ a hot day, wed better go swimming.,is B. to be C. beingD.It being E. It was F. been,C,注意标点符
48、号,非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者/承受者就叫做逻辑主语。,（二）找逻辑主语,1.Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.2.She is reading a book found on the way.3.Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. 4. Convinced of the truth of the reports, he told his colleag
49、ues about it.,一般来说，作状语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是句子的主语；作宾补的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是宾语； 作定语的非谓语动词的逻辑主语是被修饰词。,（三）分析语态,分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。,“You cant catch me !” Jane shouted, _ away. A. run B. running C.to run D. ran 2._ by a greater demand for vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. A. Driven B
50、. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven,Jane,farmers,（四）分析时态,1. The building _now will be a restaurant .,2. The building _ next year will be a restaurant .,3. The building _last year is a restaurant.,having been built B. to be built C.being built D. built,_,C,_,B,_,D,考点1 辨别谓语与非谓语,Please do me a
