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1、非谓语动词,初中英语语法,The old men enjoy_ (listen) to the singing of the birds in the park.2.My sister is interested in _ in her free time. A. watch TV B. reading books C. listening music D. plays basketball3.Let me _(help) you _ (water) the flowers.4. I saw him _ into the small store.A. went B. going C. to g
2、o D. has gone5.He is good at_. A. singing B. sing C. sings D. to sing,热身练习,listening,B,B,help,water,A,非谓语动词,1.谓语动词与非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做谓语动词；在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动词，叫做非谓语动词。,We should serve the people heart and soul.I am reading a novel.,She found English hard to learn.Seeing is believing.,Please s
3、top speaking.,（谓语）,（谓语）,（状语）,（主语和表语）,（宾语）,2.非谓语动词的特点,1)不能单独做谓语，但可和助动词或情态动词组成谓语。,2)具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语。,The Party called on us to serve the people .,The students ran out of the classroom, laughing happily .,She doesnt have any English books.,非谓语动词分为三种形式:,不定式：to+动词原形 动名词：动词原形+ing分词（现在分词和过去分词）,动词+doing
4、 介词+doing,doing,动名词,只能接-ing作宾语的动词口诀：,喜欢花费忙着想象忍不住想要结束练习 错过建议保持介意值得考虑,喜欢花费忙着想象忍不住想要结束练习,enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 spend.doing sth. 花费做某事 be busy doing sth. 忙于做 imagine sb. doing sth. 想象做某事 cant help doing sth. 忍不住做某事 feel like doing sth. 想要做某事 finish doing sth. 完成做某事 practice doing sth. 练习做某事,miss doing
5、sth. 错过做某事 suggest doing sth. 建议做某事 keep (on) doing sth. 保持（继续）做某事 mind doing sth. 介意做某事 be worth doing sth. 值得做某事 consider doing sth. 考虑做某事,错过建议保持介意值得考虑,be good at doing sth 擅长做某事 be interested in doing sth. 对做某事感兴趣 be used for doing sth. 被用来做某事 thank sb. for doing sth. 谢谢某人做某事 be tired of doing st
6、h. 厌烦做某事 be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事,介词+doing,ut off doing 推迟做某事stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事give up doing sth. 放弃做某事without doing sth. 没有做某事think about doing sth. 考虑做某事What How about doing 做某事怎么样?,此to 非彼to,look forward to doing sth. （盼望） pay attention to doing sth. （注意） be used to doing sth. （
7、习惯于） prefer doing sth to doing sth.（更喜欢） devote to doing sth （致力于） make a contribution to doing（做贡献）,小试牛刀,1. Now more and more people are busy_about the Internet. A. learn B. to learn C. learning D. learned 2.-Its too hot. Would you mind _the door? -_. Please do it. A. to open; OK B. opening; Certai
8、nly not C. opening; Of course D. to open; Good idea 3. No matter how hard it is, well keep_until we make it. A. failed B. failing C. tried D. trying,C,B,D,4. -Are you enjoying_in Ningbo? -Yes, we are. Very much. A. to live B. living C. lives D. lived 5We couldnt help _(laugh) after we heard the funn
9、y story A. to laugh B. laughing C. laughs D. laughed,B,B,肯定式: to do否定式: not to do省略to的: do,动词不定式,动词不定式,基本形式： to+动词原形 （在某些情况下可以不带 to）,特点 ： A .没有人称和数的变化,C . 有时态和语态的变化（被动语态的形式为 to be + 动词过去分词）,B . 可以有自己的宾语和状语,动词不定式用法,A、作主语，如:,To learn a foreign language is not easy . = Its not easy to learn a foreign l
10、anguage.,注意1：不定式短语作主语如果太长，常用it作形式主语，将不定式后置。,注意2:不定式的逻辑主语：,不定式不能单独做谓语，因此没有语法上的主语，但可以有意义上的逻辑主语。,I promised Tom to play with him.I asked him to play with me.,（to play的逻辑主语是I）（to play的逻辑主语是him）,注意3:,同一句型中不同介词的不同含义,It is + adj + for sb to do sthIt is + adj + of sb to do sth,（for 引出动作发出者）,（of 引出adj修饰的对象）,
11、It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.,It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.,注意：常用在of句型中的adj有：,kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, foolish, careless, stupid, n
12、aughty (淘气的), polite, impolite,silly, brave, honest, noble，right, rude等,You are very kind to give me some help.,you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.,B、作表语，如,The important thing is to finish the work on time .,作宾语,C、,动词 + to do,动词+疑问词 + to do,动词 + it(形式宾语）+宾补 +to do,常见动词有 agree,decide
13、,fail, hope, wish , want, plan 等,I dont know what to do .,I find it important to learn English.,只能接不定式作宾语的动词口诀：,决定想做计划需要同意， 能做用来做的事 迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事,决定想做计划需要同意，能做用来做的事,decide to do sth. 决定做某事 wantwould like to do sth. 想做某事 plan to do sth. 计划做某 need to do sth. 需要做某事 agree to do sth. 同意做某事 afford to
14、do 能做某事 use to do 用来做,迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事,cant wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事 make up ones mind to do 下决心做某事 used to do 过去常常做某事 fail to do 未能做某事,D、动词不定式作宾语补足语,作宾补,动词 + 宾语 +to do,动词 + 宾语 + do,Li Mei asked me to show her the new dictionary .,注：有以上结构的常用动词有 tell. wish, ask, want , like, beg, invite,warn, allow,enco
15、urage,advise 等。,(不带 to 的不定式),注：常用的动词是：感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice； 使役动词 have ,make,let.,接不定式作宾语补足语的动词口诀：,请求与命令 想要邀请期待鼓励与建议 答应告诫允许提醒和帮助,请求与命令,ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事 tell sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事,想要邀请期待鼓励与建议,want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 expect sb. to do sth. 期待某人做
16、某事 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事,答应告诫允许提醒和帮助,romise sb. to do 答应某人做某事 warn sb. not to do sth. 告诫某人做某事 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事,F、作定语：（必须后置）,I came here to see youWe were very excited to hear the newsHe h
17、urried to the school to find nobody there . To look at him，you would like him,(目的),(原因),(结果),(条件),I have some books for you to read.,注意：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,He is looking for a room to live in ,There is nothing to worry about,Please give me a knife to cut with,G、不
18、定式与疑问词who，which，when，where , how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语表语、宾语等。,He didnt know what to say.My question is when to startHow to solve the problem is very important,(宾语)(表语) （主语）,注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。,Why not have a rest?,动词不定式几点注意事项：,1、在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时，不定式可省略to,但以上词变为被动语态时，要
19、加上to,I always saw her play violin .,He was made to work 12hours a day.,动词不定式省略to的情况:,使役动词和感官动词后：一感二听三让四看：feel/ hear, listen to/ let, make, have, / look at, see, watch, noticehad better（not）do sth. 最好(不)做why not /why dont you do sth 为什么不做? help sb.（to）do sth 帮助某人做 Would rather （not）do sth.宁愿(不)做 woul
20、d you please （not）do sth. 请你(不)要做情态动词+do 助动词+do,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel,+ do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。注意：被动语态中不能省去to。,区分下列词组:,see sb. doing/ do sth.hear sb. doing/ do sth.watch sb. doing/ do sth.notice sb. doing/ do sth.,特殊词精讲:,stop doing/to do,stop to do停下来去做另一件事，stop
21、 doing停止正在做的某事。他们停下来吸烟。 They stop to smoke.我必须戒烟了 I must stop smoking.,forget to do忘记要去做某事，forget doing忘记做过某事。办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作） He forgot turning the light off.,forget doing/to do,remember doing/to do,rememb
22、er to do 记得去做某事remember doing 记得做过某事记着放学后去趟邮局。Remember to go to the post office after school. 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?Dont you remember seeing the man before?,go on doing/to do,go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，go on doing继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing o
23、ther exercises after you have finished this one.做完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习,try doing/ to do sth.,try to do sth. 努力, 尽力做某事Although maths is difficult, I will try to study it .try doing sth. 试着做某事The machine couldnt work. Lets try repairing it.,2、动词不定式的否定形式为： not + to do,Mr.Smith asked the boy _(not play) this
24、kind of game.,not to play,Please have him _(not do) so much housework.,not do,3、不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。,Have you got a key to unlock the door? (A key unlocks the door),4、不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。,I have got a letter to write,(I write a letter),He needs a r
25、oom to live in,(He lives in a room),5、不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one或for people,He is hard to talk to,The book is difficult to understand,The question is easy to answer,现在分词与过去分词,两者之间的区别主要体现在时态和语态上：1.在时态上：现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词表示已经完成。2.在语态上：现在分词表示主动；而过去分词表示被动。总之，现在分词表主动、
26、进行；过去分词表被动、完成。在句法功能上它们都可以作定语、表语、状语和宾补，它们的具体区别如下：,分词,1、作定语时,1. 现在分词单独作定语，通常放在所修饰词前。例如： The sleeping boy is Tom. 2. 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不多。例如 ： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise.,1.现在分词表示正在进行；过去分词
27、表示已经完成。 developing country 发展中国家(正在发展的） developed country 发达国家（已发展的） boiling water沸水（正在沸腾的水） boiled water 开水（已烧开了的水，可能已凉了） falling leaves 正在飘落的树叶 fallen leaves 落叶(已落下的树叶）,现在分词强调动作正在进行，侧重于主动。过去分词强调动作已经完成，侧重于被动；,2.现在分词表示主动；过去分词表示被动。例如： a moving film 一部感人的电影 （主动） the moved people 被感动的人们 （被动） 现在分词表示“令人感
28、到”，指主语和被修饰词给人的感觉，过去分词表示“感到”，指主语和被修饰词的感觉。an exciting game 一场令人感到激动的比赛the excited people 感到激动的人们,He saw a _ bird and raised his bow. A. fly B. flying C. flew D. to be flying,分析： B 。表示正在进行的动作，句意是：正在飞的鸟。此处的 a flying bird a bird which was flying 。,I was satisfied with the _ speech. A. excite B. exciting
29、C. excited D. be excited,分析： B 。表示被修饰词 speech 的性质和特征，此处的 the exciting speech the speech that/which was exciting 。,2、作表语时,共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。,1. -How did Bob do in the exams this time? -W
30、ell, his father seems _ with his results. A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please2. -How did the audience receive the new play? -They got very _. A . excite B . excited C . Excitedly D . exciting,简析：首先, 根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作表语。因为 seems 在此句中用作连系动词; 再根据 his father 对于动词 please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高
31、兴; 换言之, 他的父亲因为受到这个结果的刺激而感到高兴。因此, 该题应选C。,简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。,3、作宾语补足语时,现在分词与句子的宾语是主动关系，它所表示的动作往往正在进行；过去分词与句子的宾语是被动关系，它所表示的动作往往已经完成。,I found them painting the windows. （现在分词表主动、进行）I found the windows painted. （过去分词表被动、完成）,牛刀小试,1.My mother often asks me _ some cleaning on Sundays A do B. does C. did
32、 D. to do 2.Do you often hear John _in his room ? Listen! Now we can hear him _ in his room . A. sing , to sing B. sing, sing C. sing , singing D. to sing , singing,D,C,3.I watched her_in the next room last night. A.dancing B. to dance C. dances D. dance4.Lets _swimming after the exam . A.go B. goes
33、 C. to go D. went5.Youd better _a bus . A.to catch B. catch C. catches D. catching,D,A,B,1.I didnt spend al the money _(buy) the books.,2. Do you have anything _(say) at the meeting?,3. Yesterday I saw a wallet _(lie) on the ground .,4.The man ran out _(see) what was wrong .,5. She was often heard _
34、(sing) in English.,6. Stop _(read), please.Ive something to tell you .,7. The boy _(call) Li Hua in the room is his brother.,buying,to say,lying,to see,to sing,reading,called,用所给词的正确形式填空,8. The girl _(stand) under the tree is my cousin Kate.9. Books _ (write) in easy English are very popular among C
35、hinese middle school students.10. Why did you keep your brother _ (wait) for a long time that evening?11. I prefer _(read) books at home rather than _(go) shopping on Sundays.12. He didnt finish _(write) the book until last week.13. Li Lei is asking his uncle, an English teacher, _(help) him think o
36、f a foreign name.,standing,written,waiting,to read,go,writing,to help,拓展精练,1.Martin looks so well. Weve never seen him _ so well before. A. is looked B. is looking C. to look D. look2.My father has decided _ because smoking is bad for his health. A. to stop to smoke B. to stop smoking C. stopping sm
37、oking D. stop to smoke3 It is kind _ me to carry these books. A. of you helping B. for you to help C. of you to help D. for you helping,D,B,C,4 Would you like _ some bread or biscuits? No thanks. I dont feel like _ anything now. A. to have, eating B. to have, to eat C. having, to eat D. having, eati
38、ng 5. Do you remember me, Tom? Ah, yes, I remembered _ you in JUSCO last year. A. see B. sees C. to see D. seeing,A,D,6.We are interested in _ to swim. A. study B. studying C. learn D. learning7.My grandfather wants _around the world because he enjoys _new places. A. traveling , seeing B. to travel
39、, to see C. to travel, seeing D. traveling ,to see,D,C,8. Jack gives me a piece of paper_. A. to write B. to write on C. to write at D. to write in 9. Lets make a fire _ ourselves up. A. to warm B. warming C. warm D. warmed10.When I was walking in the field, I saw a plane _over my head. A. flew B. f
40、lies C. flying D. fling,B,A,C,11.Thank you for us so well . A. to teach B. teaches C. taught D. teaching 12. I often do some on Sundays. A. washed B. to wash C. washing D. washes13. The boy Jack in Class One is my brother. A. call B. to be called C. calling D. called14.It often takes me half an hour
41、 home. A. walking B. to walk C. walked D. walks15. Dont forget her clean water every day . A. to give B. giving C. given D. give,D,C,D,B,A,16. I think it is important English well . A. learning B. learn C. to learn D. learned 17. The funny story made us all hard . A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughing D.
42、 laughed18. Our teacher told us hard at our lessons . A. to work B. work C. working D. worked19. Could you tell me this newspaper ? A. to read how B. how to read C. what to read D. what read,C,A,A,B,20. I dont know next . A. what to do B. what to do it C. how to do D. to how do it21. My hair is too
43、long , so I must have it this afternoon. A.cut B. cuts C. cutting D. cutted22.Remember last for class again . A. not to B. be not to C. not to be D. not to come23. Mr Smith asked the man the queue . A. not jump B. didnt jump C. not to jump D. to not jump,A,A,C,C,14.Why not with us ? You see , its ve
44、ry . A. go ; interested B. go; interesting C. to go ; interested D. going ; interesting15. What about to the cinema tonight ? -Thats a good idea. Id like with you . A. going ; going B. to go ; to go C. going ; to go D. go ; going 16.Everyone here is busy read for the coming entrance tests . A. get B
45、. to get C. getting D. gets,B,C,C,17.weve worked for two hours . Lets a rest . A. stop to have B. stop having C. to stop to have D .stopping having 18. Would you mind me a favour（恩惠）？ A. do B. to go C. doing D. did 19. Mr Wang asked me him . A. help B. helps C. to help D. helping20. Please tell Jim
46、not late again . A. to B. be C. to be D. be to,A,C,C,C,23.Please dont forget to me , will you ? A. to write B. writing C. write,22.The boy wants his father a question about the moon . A. asking B. to ask C. ask D. asked,21.Miss Yang asked the boy , the baby was sleeping in the room . A. to stop to s
47、ing B. to stop singing C. stop singing D. stop to sing,B,B,A,25.Its about six oclock, Lets supper now . A. stop having B. to stop having C. stop to have D. to stop to have26.Wed better on the road . A car may hit us . A. not to play B. not play C. to not play D. dont play,24. Mother decided Tom away
48、 from school . A. to keep not B. keep not C. not to keep D. not keep,C,C,B,A.,27. Liu Mei helped the Turners their tickets on the train . A. pick B. look up C. pick up D. look like 28. I often see them with some foreigners . A. talk B. to talk C. talking D. talked,C,A,29. Do you still remember me so
49、mewhere Beijing ? Yes ,of course . Two years ago . A.to see B. see C. seeing D. saw 30.Parents must warn their children . A. to play with fire B. not to play with fire C. of playing fire D. playing fire,C,B,1.,31.This morning I saw a man on the street on my way . A.lives ; there B. lived ; to school
50、 C. lying ; to school D. to lie ; home .32.He has given up tennis since he was ill . A.play B. to play C. playing D.plays 33. -Will you come to the net bar with me ? - Sorry , My mother always tells me there . A. not go B. not to go C. go D. to go,C,C,B,34. - Whats the language _ in New Zealand? - E
