初中英语语法大全优质ppt课件.ppt

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1、试题结构,选择题,选择题共有10道占总分的5%内容主要考察语法,返回,题 型,虚拟语气分词结构主谓一致倒装结构从句结构独立主格时态结构,虚拟语气,虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。,返回,If 非真实条件句(1),If 非真实条件句(2),与现在事实相反If they were here, they would help you.,If 非真实条件句(3),与过去事实相反If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.The rice would not have been burnt i

2、f you had been more careful. If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.,If 非真实条件句(4),与将来事实相反If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.,I wish(1),I wish(2),I wish I

3、 were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。I wished I hadnt said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。,特殊动词 + 宾语从句(should) + do,建议suggest / propose / advise / recommend 要求demand / desire / insist / require / request 命令order / command 意志urge / prefer / maintain / object,特殊名词 + 表语 / 同位语从句(sh

4、ould) + do,建议要求命令意志,主语从句It is + adj. / p.p. + that(should) + do,特殊动词的形容词 / 过去分词形式:suggested / desirable / advisable / demanded / urgent / preferable特殊形容词: important / impossible / necessary / natural / essential 特殊名词:a pity / a shame,It is (high / about) time + (that)主语从句did,表示做某事的时间早完了或早该做了。从句动词用一般

5、过去式表示虚拟。例:It is high time you went to bed.,would / had + rather / sooner + 宾语从句,I would rather you did it now.I would rather you came here tomorrow.I would rather you had come here yesterday.,as if / as though,He talks as if he knew where she is nowHe talks about Rome as if he had been there beforeH

6、e opens his mouth as if he would say something,lest / in case / for fear that (should) + do,He checked his car carefully lest it should break down on the way.,but for + n. / but + (that)从句要不是 / 如果不是因为 without / with no 如果没有 / 如果不是would have done,They would have helped us willingly but (that) they ha

7、ppened to be short of hands, too.,If only:要是就好了!,与现在事实相反:If only I were a boy.与过去事实相反:If only he had been here then.与将来事实相反:If only I had another chance.If only I could see you tomorrow.,分 词,分词是一种非谓语动词形式现在分词:表示主动过去分词:表示被动分词可以做前置 / 后置定语分词可以做时间 / 条件 / 原因 / 结果 / 让步 / 伴随状语,返回,主谓一致,主谓一致指“人称”和“数”之间的一致关系语法

8、一致(grammatical concord)意义一致(notional concord)就近原则(principle of proximity),返回,语法一致,主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式。The number of the students present is 200主语为复数形式,谓语动词用复数形式。 Jane and Mary look alike.,意义一致,主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。如:The crowd were shouting. 单数形式代表复数内容的词有:people, personnel, police, cattle, youth, ma

9、nkind, 等。 主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数。如:The news was so surprising. 复数形式单数意义的单词有news和一些以-ics结尾的学科名称,如physics,politics, economics等。,就近原则,谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词。这类词包括:or,eitheror, neithernot, not onlybut also, there be 结构Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.,each / every / no,each / every / no + n.

10、+ and + each / every / no + n. + V.单Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema.,主谓倒装中的主谓一致,在主谓倒装句中,谓语动词与其后的主语一致。如:Between the two windows hangs a picture.,and,and连接的并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一 事物或 同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名 词没有冠词。A (knife and fork) is on the table.The girls (teacher and friend) is a young

11、 doctor. Truth and honesty is the best policy. To love and to be loved is great happiness. Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.,with 等,当主语后面跟有: as well as / as much as / no less than / along with / together with / with / like / rather than / but / except / besides / including / i

12、n addition to 等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数视主语而定。如:The teacher as well as the students was reading in the library.,one and a half,表示数量的one and a half后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:One and a half bananas is left on the table.,one of + 定语从句,one of + pl. + 引导词 + V.复 the only one of + pl. + 引导词 + V.单This is one

13、of the most interesting stories that have been told.She was the only one of the girls who was late.,倒 装,含义:为了表达上的需要,有时特意颠倒句子成分或分句的一般次序,把句子的一般次序变为特殊次序的修辞手法,叫做倒装。作用:运用倒装,可以加强语势,调和音节,错综句法。完全倒装:V + S (地点 / 方向副词或介词短语位于句首)部分倒装:助动词 / 情态动词 + S + V (其它情况),返回,倒装分类,here 等方向副词 + go等位移动词 + 名词主语 in 等地点副词 + V + 名词

14、主语 so (肯) / nor / neither (否) +助动词/ 情态动词 + 主语so + adj. / adv. + 助动词 + 主语 + V + that 从句 only + 介词短语 not等表示否定意义的词 作状语置于句首省略if 的虚拟语气 让步状语从句 :形容词/名词 + as + 主语 + 谓语,here 等方向副词,方向副词(here, there, out, in, up, off, down, away, back等)放到句首。位移动词:go, come, run, rush等。主语必须是名词。 Here comes the bus.公共汽车来了。There goe

15、s the bell.铃声响了。Down came the rain.雨落了下来。Out rushed a tiger from the wood.忽然从林子里冲出一只老虎。,in 等介词表示的地点状语,注意:这种倒装句的主语必须是名词。In the center of the hall stands a white piano.在大厅的中央立着一台白色的钢琴。Under the bed lies a sleeping cat.床铺底下躺着一只正在睡觉的猫。Among them was a soldier who was wounded in the shoulder.在他们当中有一个肩部受伤

16、的士兵。,so 或 nor 等表示类推概念,用so或nor表示“我也(不)这样”一类概念时,常用以下结构:肯定:so + 助动词/ 情态动词 + 主语否定:nor/ neither + 助动词/ 情态动词 + 主语He has visited the museum. So have I.他已经参观了博物馆,我也参观了。The boy cant skate. Nor can his brother. (Neither can his brother.)那男孩不会滑冰。他的兄弟也不会。 注意:如果so不是表示“我也.”而是表示“的确如此”则不能倒装。John won first prize in

17、the contest. So he did.约翰在比赛中赢得一等奖。的确如此。-It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night.-My God! So I did-你真不小心整个晚上把衣服搁在外面。-天哪!果真如此。,so.that,so在句首修饰形容词或副词表示强调时,主句要用倒装语序,后面以that引导的结果状语从句采用自然语序。So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it.这个湖太浅了,鱼无法在这里存活。So loudly did he spea

18、k that people upstairs could hear him.他说话太大声以致楼上的人都能听见。,only + 介词短语作状语,only所强调的方式、条件、时间状语等位于句首时,采用部分倒装。Only by taking a taxi can you arrive there on time.你只有打的才能按时到达。Only in this way can you make progress in English.只有采用这个办法你才能在英语方面取得进步。Only when she came home did he learn the news.只有当她回到家中他才知道这个消息。

19、注意:如果only修饰的不是状语而是主语,不能倒装。Only his mother was invited.只有他的妈妈受到邀请。,not 等表示否定意义的词,为了强调句子中的否定状语,常将其置于句首,通常采用部分倒装。副词:few, little, never, not, nowhere, rarely, seldom连词:no sooner.than, hardly/scarcely/barely.when, not until, not only.but also短语:at no time, by no means, on no account, in no circumstancesN

20、ot until all the fish died did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.直到河里的鱼死了,村民们才意识到污染有多么的严重。Not a single song did she sing at yesterdays party.在昨天的晚会上她一首歌都没唱。No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill.他刚刚来到这儿就马上生病了。注意:如果否定词只是否定主语时,不要倒装。Not a soul was to be seen.一个人影都看不见。,省略 if 的虚拟语气,虚

21、拟语气的非真实条件句中若含有“were, had, should等词”,可以省略连词if,并把were等移到句首,构成倒装。Were he here now, he would tell us what to do.如果他现在有在这儿,他会告诉我们该作些什么。Had I the time, I would go.如有时间我就去。Should it not rain, the crops would die.要是不下雨,庄稼就要死了。,让步状语从句的倒装,Clever as he is, he doesnt study well.尽管他很聪明,但是学习不太好。Child as he was, h

22、e lived on himself.尽管还未成年,然而他独立谋生。注意:名词前不加冠词,补充说明,解题时应根据选项确定该题是否要用倒装结构。若有倒装选 项,则该题一般选择倒装,但要排除以下情况:方向、地点副词位于句首要考虑主语是否是名词(倒装)还 是代词(不倒装);only / 否定词是做状语(倒装)还是修饰主语(不倒装);so 是表示“也”(倒装)还是表示“的确”(不倒装):注意省略If的虚拟语气倒装。,从 句,定义:从句(Subordinate Clause)是复合句里的一个句子成分。它不能独立成句,但它也有主语和谓语。所不同的是,它必须由一个关联词(Connective)来引导。分类:

23、从句有主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。名词性从句:由于主语从句、表语从句及宾语从句在句子的功用相当于名词,故而这3种从句又通称名词性从句。,返回,定语从句(1),定语从句(Attributive Clause):用作定语的从句。定语从句一般放在被它所修饰的名(代)词之后,这种名(代)词叫作先行词(antecedent)。引导定语从句的关联词(connective) 为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。 非限制性定语:其作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句去掉后其他部分仍可

24、成立,定语从句(2),判断:引导词所代指的先行词要在从句中充当某种句子成分。因此,如果把先行词放到从句中成立,则该句为定语从句。(否则,一般为同位语从句)下列情况不用that:prep. + which / whom / whose非限制性定语从句(who / whose / where / when) which / as (as 可用于句首句中,which只用于句中)such + n. / so + adj. / the same + n. + as,同位语从句,同位语从句(Appositive Clause): 与先行词同位或等同的从句。其关联词多为that。There is no ev

25、idence that oil price will come down in the near future.判断:先行词与从句表达的含义相同,或者说从句是对先行词的解释。引导词不在从句中担当任何句子成分 。,强调句 (1),强调句是一种修辞,是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式,主要有如下几种形式:用助动词“do(doesdid)动词原形”来表示强调:He does know the place well他的确很熟悉这个地方。 用强调句型:It is + 被强调部分 + who / that It was on Monday night that all this happene

26、d所有这一切发生在周一晚上。,强调句(2),判断:去掉it is 和 who / that 之后,句子仍然成立。强调原因的时候,原因从句只用because引导(不用as / for / since/ in that)。在强调主语时,若主语是代词,要用主格,不用宾格。因 为,若去掉It is 和who / that之后,宾格不能做主语。例:It is he who told me the news. 但强调宾语时仍然用宾格:Its me that he blamed他怪的是我。,强调句(3),only the 4 members of the committee who attended the

27、 meeting last night.A. There were B. It was分析:若选there were,则把此句视作定语从句或同位语从句。那它是否是定语从句呢?我们把引导词who所代指的先行词the committee放到从句中来审视,可以发现从句不成立,故此句不是定语从句。那是否是同位语从句呢?当然也不是,因为在同位语从句中,引导词通常用that,而且其先行词the committee与从句表达的意思并不一样。因此,此句只是强调句,选It was。,强调句(4),其它形式的强调句:用形容词 very,only,single,such, last 等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气;

28、用in the world,on earth,at all等介词短语可以表达更强的语气(常用于疑问句): Where in the world could he be?他到底会在哪儿? 用感叹句来表示强烈的感情,突出说话人的情感: How interesting a story it is!这是一个多么有趣的故事啊! 用重复来表示强调: Why!why!The cage is empty!啊!啊!箱子是空的。,用倒装句来加强语气: Many a time have I climbed that hill我多次翻过那座山。 用If来表示强调: If he cant do it,I dont kn

29、ow who can If Jim is a coward,everybody is If there is one thing he loves,it is money 用破折号、黑体字也可以表示强调,加强语气: Its because of hard workten years of hard work那是因为艰苦的工作-十年艰苦的工作!,宾语从句,从句要用陈述句,即 主 + 谓。例:I dont know when he will come back.It做形式宾语:I think it best that you should stay here.我想你最好还是留在这里。She too

30、k it for granted that he would receive it with shame.她认为他很羞愧地收到这东西是理所当然的。由名词性关系代词whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的宾语从句。He will do whatever the teacher asks him to do.无论老师叫他做什么,他都做。Ill take whoever wants to go with me to the theatre.无论是谁想和我去电影院,我都会带他去。,主语从句 (1),引导主语从句的连词有that / whether / who / what /

31、 whatever等 。连词位于句首不能省略。It 作形式主语:It is likely that I should accept such an offer as that.好像我因该接受这样的施舍。It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.我们什么时候开运动会还是一个问题。,主语从句(2),what引导的主语从句要做句子的主语。因此选择what的前提条件是句子没有主语,若有,则不能用what引导的主语从句。例:All he said is right. 分析:all 作此句的主语,因此句子不缺主语,故不能用what引

32、导的主语从句。若去掉all,则句子没有主语,需填what,引导一个从句作主语。实际上,“ he said” 只是用来修饰all,因此此句是定语从句,但也不能选which,因为先行词all决定只能用that,所以正确答案是that。,主语从句(3),That:位于句首引导主语从句,不能省略,且只起关联词的作用,不做任何 句子成份。通常可以转化为it 作形式主语,that从句置于主句之后。 John could not fail the exam was once believed by everyone.A. That B. What C. It is D. /分析:句中有两个动词“could

33、not fail”和“was once believed”,可判断出后者是句子的谓语;因此“John could not fail the exam”是做整句话的主语;主语从句必须有引导词,且位于句首不能省略,排除D;What要在主语从句中担当某种句子成分,但此主语从句不缺任何成分;That引导主语从句只充当引导词作用,不做任何成分。It is 不是关联词,不能引导主语从句。,状语从句 (1),状语从句:指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。分类:它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。作用:根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。特点:从句位于句首

34、或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。,状语从句(2),一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如: I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用will arrive。As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家。从句中的谓语

35、动词用现在完成时have finished,表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished。 If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了,请通知我。从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时,不可用will come back。,状语从句(3),when, while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。例: When she came in, I stopped eating. 她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词) When I lived in the countryside, I u

36、sed to carry some water for him. 当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词) When 还可以表示“正在那时”: We were about to leave when he came in. 我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。 I was almost asleep last night when suddenly I heard someone knocking on the door.While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或相对应)。 While my wife was reading the newspaper

37、, I was watching TV. was reading 是延续性的动词,was reading 和 was watching 同时发生。While 还可以表示“对比”: I like playing football while you like playing basketball. 我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比) As表示“一边一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生; We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边一边”) As也可以强调“一先一后”。例如: As we was going out, i

38、t began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。 as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间。,状语从句(4),原因状语从句:because 语势最强,用来回答why提出的问题,说明人所不知的原因: I didnt go there alone, because I was afraid.as语势最弱,和since共同表示显而易见或人所共知的原因: Since / as the whether is so bad, we have to delay our journey.for表示推测的原因: He must be ill, for he is absent t

39、oday.由because引导的原因从句位于句末,且前面有逗号隔开,则可以用 for代替: He is absent today, because / for he is ill.,独立主格结构(1),结构:S 1+ V1,S2 + V2。 解释:S1不同于S2,因此根据:一句话在没有连词连接的情况下,只能有一个谓语动词的要求,若S2是这句话的逻辑主语,则V2要作此句的谓语动词。那么S1后的V1只能用分词表示,做这句话的状语。因此,独立主格结构实际表为:S1 + V分词,S2 + V谓语。例:The test finished, we began our holiday.,返回,独立主格结构(

40、2),其它形式:名词/主格代词+不定式:名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具 体性的动作。如: He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后,一个回了家,一个去了书店。 名词/主格代词+形容词。如: An air accident happened to the plane, nobody

41、 alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。名词/主格代词+副词。如: He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。名词/主格代词+介词短语。如: The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting

42、 near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门。,独立主格结构(3),特点:独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。,时态(1),现在完成时:already / yet / never / ever since + 时间点 / for + 时间段just:现在完成时;just now:一般过去时two days + before:现在完成时;before + yesterday:一般过去时。in the past +

43、 three yearsby yesterday / now / tomorrowso farduring / in the last / past few years现在完成时与现在完成进行时 He has gone to / He has been to,返回,时态练习(2),Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes. Do you believe it?If the horse won today, he would have won thirty races in five years.Upon being question

44、ed, he denied having written the article.I was so sick last night that I felt the room were going roundToday is Beryls wedding day. She has just been married to Harry. ( has just married )I have been longing to see you for ages. I have heard so much about you.,填空题(1),动词填空(1):n. / pron. + v.分析:动词在句中作

45、两种成分:谓语:须考虑时态 / 语态 / 虚拟语气;定语或状语:以分词形式表现,包括现在 / 过去分词;如何判断该动词是在句中作谓语还是以分词形式作定语 / 状语? 找到该句中是否有另外一动词;如果没有,则以所给动词作谓语,考虑以上三个方面如果已有一动词,那么该句中是否有连词:and / or / but / not only but also / not but等;如果有连词,则所给动词需作并列谓语,仍考虑以上三个方面,两个动词时态基本一 致,但语态未必相同,需注意。如果已有动词,但没有连词,那么就先判断已有动词是否做谓语,考虑动词作谓语的 三个方面。如果已有动词不做谓语,那么所给动词需作该

46、句谓语动词。如果已有动词做谓语,那么所给动词变为分词作状语。例:The people injured in the accident to the hospital. (send),返回,填空题(2),动词填空(2)v. + v. :v. to do / doing (doing居多,但注意动词mean / be used to)prep. + v. :v. doingthe + v. :v. n.adj. + v. :v. n. / adv., v. :v. 分词, only + v. : v. to do (不料)(when) + v. , . v. 分词v. + what等特殊疑问词 +

47、 v. :v. to do,填空题(3),其它adj. + n. / adv.adj. + n.adj. 比较级(than / next time 等),阅读理解(1),A级考试中,阅读理解共有5道。前2道为选择型,每题二分,重在理解;3、5为填空题,每空限填三个单词,每题一分,重在阅读;4为选择型翻译题,每题共有二个,共有五题,每题一分,题目多为经济、科技词汇。,返回,阅读理解(2),解题技巧:Task 1 & 2:浏览每段首句,了解大意,所有题目均需在文章大意下选择;审题:一根据常识判断;二根据题目顺序,确定在文中大概位置;三根据题干关键词确定具体位置;四考虑关键词的同义词替换;注意题目之

48、间的相互联系;主旨题或对错题可以在完成其它题目后,进行整合确定;注意每段中的转折连词注意选项的要求:not生词:能避则避,不能避则猜:一根据构词法;二根据逻辑词:and / or / but / in other words 等;三根据上下文,阅读理解(3),Task 3 & 5:每空不超过三个单词;注意文章标题,可能是第一题的答案;按照题目所在顺序,根据关键词,考虑同义词到文中找答案;若某题有困难,可根据下一题确定该题应在位置,然后总结;Task 5还应注意:所填单词应确保该句语法正确;要考虑名词复数、动词时态等;注意数量词的计算。,阅读理解(4),Task 4:把汉语短语分割成更小的词汇;

49、根据分割后的各个汉语词汇对照英文选项;若不知该短语中某些汉语词汇的翻译,则可以根据分割后的、知道其翻译的汉语词汇确定该题整个短语的英文翻译。若把汉语短语分割后,各部分都不知道如何翻译,可以先放一下,根据其中某个词汇可能再次出现在后面某个题目中,再确定其翻译。也就是说要注意题目之间的相互联系。,翻译(1),翻译共分为两个部分:选择型的翻译:共有4题,每题按照翻译的优劣分别给出不同的分值。 如:A:2分;B:1分;C:0.5分;D:0分。短文翻译:80字左右,共12分,各部分得分具体到0.5分,题型涉及商业、政治、经济、科技等。,返回,翻译(2),选择型题目翻译方法:简单题目:由英及汉,直接翻译。

50、复杂题目:由汉及英,采用排除法。确定4个选项每部分的翻译区别,然后对照原文,确定正确翻译;遇到不认识的英文词汇,根据选项中多数的翻译,确定其意思;注意汉语翻译的意思是否正确,可以直接排除;注意汉语翻译的表达是否符合汉语要求或习惯;注意汉语翻译的语言是否简洁或啰嗦;注意汉语翻译的结构是否忠实于英文原文。,翻译(3),短文翻译方法:浏览文章,了解大意,根据题材确定翻译语言;把复合句分割成简单句;把简单句划分成主、谓、宾、和修饰语;翻译分割后的每个部分,注意关键词的翻译:名词单复数、动词时态 / 语态、形容词比较级等;整合成句。复合句最好不要合成一句话,尽量翻译成几个分句,注意句与句之间的衔接;遇到

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