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1、The Attributive Clause,定语从句,1.定义：,2.先行词：,3.关系代词、关系副词：,在复合句中用来用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。,被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词（antecedent）。,引导定语从句的词,关系代词：,关系副词：,Who, whom, whose, which, that等,When, where, why等,关系代词和关系副词的作用：,1、引导作用2、替代作用3、在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用,Eg: 1.Those who want to go please sign your names here. 2.This is the hous
2、e where he was born. 3. Bill, who was here yesterday, asked me a lot of questions.,关系代词的用法,人；物,物,人,人,人、物,主语；宾语,主语；宾语,主语；宾语,宾语,定语,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,可省,不可省,关系副词的用法,时间,状语,否,地点,状语,否,原因,状语,否,判断下列引导词在句中的用法,Eg:1.He is such a man who never tells a lie. 2. He is the model worker whom/who we should learn from
3、. 3. A dictionary is a book which often helps us to know the meanings of the words. 4. This is the film which I like best. 5. The boy whose father is a professor is one of my best friends.,指代、所作成分、是否可省略,6. The house whose roof was blown away by the storm will be rebuilt soon.7. It was 11 oclock when
4、 the accident happened last night.8. This is the village where I was brought up.,关系代词which和that的区别：,A.关系代词必须用that的情形：,This is the best film that I have ever seen.The first man arrived at the class was our headteacher.This is the only ticket that I got yesterday.This is the very book that Im looking
5、for.Is there anything that I can do for you?All that you have to do is to press the button.There is no time that we can waste.The car and its driver that knocked down the old lady have been taken to the police station.,Summarize: 只能用that引导定语从句的几种情况,1)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。,2）先行词被the only,the very,the s
6、ame,the last修饰时。,3)先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等.,4）先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。,5）先行词既有人又有物时。,B.指物时，作介词的宾语，关系代词只能用which,This is the question about which weve had so much discussion.,Practice:,1.They asked him to tell them everything _ he saw at the front.
7、A. what B. that C. which D. where 2.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. (1992) A.that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 3. I dont like _ you speak to her. (1993上海) A.the way B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of which,B,D,A,Correct the following sentences
8、:,1.This is the best film which I have seen. 2.Thats all which want to say.,This is the best film that I have seen.,Thats all that I want to say.,3.Is there anything which you want in this shop? 4.He talked about some writers and books which/who were unknown to us all. 5.The room in that she lives i
9、s a large one.,Is there anything that you want in this shop?,He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all.,The room in which she lives is a large one.,关系副词when, where, why的用法,1.Do you still remember the day whenwe went to visit the museum together?,Do you still remember the day
10、 on whichwe went to visit the museum together?,2.This is the factory wheremy father once worked.,This is the factory in whichmy father once worked.,3.This is the reason whyhe was late.,This is the reason for which he was late.,Summarize:,在定语从句中关系副词都等于一个适当的介词加上which，在从句中作状语,When=in/at/on/+which;Where
11、=in/at/on/+which;Why=for /+which,Practice:,1.- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. (1999) - Is that the reason_ you had a few days off? A.why B. when C. what D. where 2.Im going to visit the school _ my mother taught physics ten years ago. A.where B. that C. which D. what 3.Do you still re
12、member the day _ I first came to Beijing? A. which B. that C. when D. where,A,A,C,关系副词when, where和关系代词that, which的区分 同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when， 有时使用that/which主要看： 从句意思是否完整；完整的话需用关系副词，若意思不完整则需加关系代词充当某个成分。请比较以下句子：This is the park that we visited last year.(从句意思不完整需要加宾语) Thi
13、s is the park where we held a birthday party.（从句完整，只需加上特定的关系副词）Thats the date that she wont forget for ever. Thats the date when we went to the college. I like the time that we had together. I like the time when we lived together.,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,定义： 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的修饰成分，否则主句的意思不完整或不成立。非限制性定语从句只对所修
14、饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后主句的意思照样完整。,Compare the following sentences:,A man who does not try to learn from others cant achieve much.Therere many plays (that) Id like to see.This note was left by Xiao Wu, who was just here.,Yesterday Mr Brown paid a visit to Hangzhou, which is famous for its West Lake.They have
15、 invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.,Summarize:,1. 限制性定语从句常和先行词紧密相连；非限制 性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开。,2.非限制性定语从句不能用that来引导。,3.非限制性定语从句有时可以用来修饰整个句子。,*关系代词和人称代词/指示代词的选择 He has three sons, none of _ is a doctor. He has three sons, but none of _ is a doctor. He has three sons, _ are doct
16、ors. He has three sons; _ are doctors. A. whom B. them C. they D. who,A,D,B,C,Practice:,1._ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001) A.It B. As C. That D. What 2.He made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science. (1998) A. which I think is
17、B.which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think which is 3.I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. (1994 上海) A. that; which B.when; which C.which; that D.when; who,B,A,B,Correct mistakes for the following sentences.1. Under th
18、e big tree are 34 students, many of them come from class two.2. My mother has a good book, which cover looks terrible.3. Who are the young girls who are having dinner in the restaurant?4. She is one of the girls who is very interested in maths.5. Tom is the only one of the boys who like playing foot
19、ball.6. Who is the girl that you talked to her just now?7. This is the very pen that you gave it to me before.8. There is an old woman, that is holding a stick.,whom,whose,that,are,likes,去掉her,去掉it,who,主动表示被动：,某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等The flower smells swe
20、et. The dish tastes delicious. The cloth feels very soft. The stones have worn smooth.,2. 某些及物动词后加副词（有些可不加副词）表示事物固有的属性或特征,也可以表示被动意义，如wash, write, sell, read, open, cut, lock, peel, pack, play, shut, spot, split, strike, record, act, clean, draw, iron, keep, photograph等This type of recorder sells wel
21、l. That kind of shirt washes very well. Ripe apples peel easily. The plays wont act. Nylon dries quickly.,6) The novel reads well. 7) The door opens with difficulty. 8) The wood wont burn. 9) Water heats rapidly. 10) This kind of shirt cleans easily. 11) Her coat caught in the door/ on the nail.,比较：
22、 1. The box doesnt lock. 这个箱子锁不上。 （箱子本身的性质）2. The box was not locked. 这个箱子没有上锁。（箱子当时的状态）3. The theory proved to be correct. 那个理论证明是正确的。（含有自身证明的特征）4. The theory was proved to be correct. 那个理论被证明是正确的。（被人证明）,3. want, need, require,和be worth等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。The book is worth reading. The coat requ
23、ires mending. The children needs looking after. The table wants cleaning.,那是不堪想象的。,这规则需要下点功夫才能学会。,某些作表语(expensive, cheap, difficult, fit, hard, light, heavy, easy, 的形容词后，用不定式形式表示被动意义。,The box is too heavy to lift. She is easy to approach. The fish is not fit to eat. He is hard to please. The passage
24、 is difficult to read. The jewel is too expensive to buy.,There are a lot of work to do/ to be done. There are a lot of work for us to do.,The Passive Voice 被动语态,了解被动语态,被动语态构成：be+P.P,2、形式:1） 一般现在时：am/is/are+P.P,1.英语中有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态,2) 一般过去时：was/were+P.P,3) 情态动词+be+P.P,4) 一般将来时：will +be +p.p,5) 现在完成时
25、：have/has+been+P.P,6) 现在进行时态：is/am/are+being+P.P,1.Bananas are grown in Hainan.(海南种植香焦。）,2.Many more trees will be planted in our school next year.（我们学校明年将种更多的树。）,3.Were the trees planted by him.这些树是他种的吗？,4.Young trees must be looked after. (必须照看好小树）,5. The building is being built. (那栋楼房正在建设中。）,6.Th
26、e homework has been finished yet. （家作已经做完了。）,1.He teaches English in our school.,English is taught in our school by him.,语态转换,宾提前变主，主变介by宾，被动be加done,时态看主动,2.We planted many trees last years.,Many trees were planted by us last year.,过去时的被动语态： was/were+P.P,3.We should plant many more trees.,Many more
27、trees should be planted by us.,含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be +PP,4.She will teach Class 6.,Class 6 will be taught by her.,将来时的被动语态：Will/shall+be +PP,5. Many countries have sent up satellites into space.,Satellites have been sent up into space by many countries .,完成时的被动语:Have/has+been +PP,现在进行时的被动语态： is+being+p
28、p,6.She is teaching Class 6.,Class 6 is being taught by her.,I was given a book by her.,A book was given to me by her.,7.She gave me a book.,如 遇双宾语，最好变间宾，如若变直宾，间宾前to/for（pass,lend,buy,write,bring, show,tell）,8.He made me do the work.,I was made to do the work by him.,这些动词真奇怪，主动句中to 离开，被动句中to回 来。（fee
29、l,listen to,hear,let have,make,look at,see,watch),9.They take good care of the baby.,The baby is taken good care of by them.,注意：含动词词组的被动语态，须将其看作一个整体，不可把它们分隔开来。,1Stamps_by people for sending letters.A.use B.using C.used D.are used.2.Must old people_to politely?A.speak B.spoken C.be spoke D.be spoken3
30、. Bike mustnt_everywhere.A.be up B.be put C.put C.putting4.The woman fell off the bike and _on the road.A.lay B.was lain C.lied D.has lain,D,D,B,A,5.The old man and the children_in our country.A.must take good care .B.must be take good care ofC.must take good care of Dmust be taken good care of 6.Al
31、l trees must_well when it is dry.A.be water B.watering C.water D.be watered7._I think the shop_._No,its open. It_at six. close, close B closed, closedC.closed;closes D. is closed ,closes,D,D,D,将下列句子变为被动语态，每空一词。1. We can finish the work in two days. The work _ _ _ in two days.2. They produce silk in
32、Suzhou. Silk _ _ in Suzhou.3. The children will sing an English song. An English song _ _ _ by the children. 4. You neednt do it now. It _ _ _ by you now.5. Lucy sent me a New Year Card last week.A New Year Card _ _ _ me by Lucy last week. 6.He made me do that for him.I _ _ _ _that for him.7. I have
33、 given this book to the library.This book _ _ _ to the library.,can be finished,is produced,will be sung,neednt be done,was sent to,was made to do,has been given,A traffic accident _(happen) just now.,happened,2. 连系动词（Link.v.) 如：be, look, seem, feel, sound, smell, taste, get, turn, become,Peking Ope
34、ra _ (sound) beautiful.,sounds,3. 当此动词表示事物的自然属性的时候:,The pen _ (write) very fast.,writes,This kind of sweater _ (sell) well.,sells,1. 不及物动词（vi.) 如:happen, take place, appear, disappear, ,不用被动语态的动词：,1. Large numbers of plastic bags _ (use) in the supermarkets every day.,2. _ our country _(send) up ano
35、ther man-made satellite last year?,3. Must the old people _ (speak) to politely?,4. Her grandma was still alive when he _ (take) to the hospital.,5. English _(speak) in many counties.,are used,Did,send,be spoken,was taken,is spoken,6. Three quarters of the worlds books _ (write) in English.,7. This
36、kind of sweater _ (sell) well.,8. _ Lesson 50 _ (teach) next week?,are written,sells,Will,be taught,Fill in the blanks using right forms:,1. All the students _(ask) to bring a kite with them last Sunday.,2. Are many ways _(try) to stop people from cutting down so many trees?,3. What are on show in t
37、he museum?,Some photos _(take) by American children.,4.,This coat _(wash) well.,9. Have you found your necklace _(偷) last week?,6. Im often _(警告）not to copy others homework.,7. He couldnt explain why dinosaurs _ (消失).,8. Ill have my bike _(修理) tomorrow.,5. Must the old people _(speak) to politely?,1
38、0. The PRC was _(成立) on October 1, 1949.,were asked,tried,taken,washes,be spoken,warned,disappeared,mendedrepaired,stolen,founded,Thank you !,Goodbye!,Indirect Speech,Direct Speech,and,一字不改地引用或复述别人的话，被引用或复述的部分就叫直接引语；直接引语必须都放在引号中，其位置常在句尾或句首。,用自己的话转述别人的话；被转述的部分就叫间接引语；间接引语不必用括号，一般用宾语从句或复合宾语表达法。,原封不动引用别
39、人的原话,原话在引号中。,“Take off your boots,” he said.,“I dont know where your bike is,” said the Arab.,“Im sorry,” the professor said to the class, “but none of you watchedcarefully enough.”,Direct Speech:,用自己的话转述别人所说的内容。通常以宾语从句的形式出现。当直接引语变为间接引语时，有关的人称、语序、时态、代词、时间状语、地点状语、和少数动词都要作相应的改变。,Indirect Speech:,时态的变化
40、,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去完成时或不变,过去将来时,附：,代词时间状语地点状语少数动词,that,those,there,then,go,take,could,might,had to,时间状语,陈述句：,引语前用that引导,有时也可以不用。,He said, “I opened the window this morning.”,He said that he opened the window that morning.,My sister said, “We have cleaned the floor.”,My sister said that they had cl
41、eaned the floor.,The manager said to me, “You must go there next week.”,The manager told me that I had to go there the next week.,The girl said, “I can do my homework myself.”,The girl said that she could do her homework herself.,如直接引语是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。,The teacher said in class, “The moon moves ar
42、ound the earth.”,The teacher said in class that the moon moves around the earth.,陈述句 直接引语变间接引语的结构：,A said that,A told B that,The girl said that she could do her homework herself.,The manager told me that I had to go there the next week.,一般疑问句：,变为间接引语后，要用陈述语序（主语先写）用if 或whether引导。时态等作相应变化。,He asked ,
43、“Can you hear me?”,He asked if/whether I could hear him.,The teacher asked, “Have you read this book, Bob?”,The teacher asked Bob if/whether he had read that book.,She said to me, “Will you go there with me?”,She asked me if/whether I would go there with her.,She asked, “Did you see the film yesterd
44、ay, Peter?”,She asked Peter if/whether he had seen the film the day before.,“Are you leaving today or tomorrow?” Joan asked Kate.,Joan asked Kate if/whether she was leaving that day or the next day.,一般疑问句 直接引语变间接引语的结构：,A asked if/whether,A asked B if whether,He asked if/whether I could hear him.,The
45、 teacher asked Bob if/whether he had read that book.,特殊疑问句：,变为间接引语后，仍用原来的疑问词引导，用陈述语序。时态等作相应变化。,When did they build this bridge?” she asked.,She asked when they built that bridge.,The teacher asked her, “Why did you come late?”,The teacher asked her why she came late.,Robert asked Alice, “Where is my
46、 dictionary?”,Robert asked Alice where his dictionary was.,Mrs. Bill asked him, “Which book do you like best?”,Mrs. Bill asked him which book he liked best.,特殊疑问句 直接引语变间接引语的结构：,A asked +原句疑问词,A asked B +原句疑问词,She asked when they built that bridge.,Mrs. Bill asked him which book he liked best.,祈使句：,改
47、为间接引语后，就成了以不定式短语形式出现的宾语补足语（动词常是ask/tell/order/advise/warn /remind等）。,He said to the girl, “Do it at once.”,He told the girl to do it at once.,Mrs. Hill said, “ please sing at our party, Mary.”,Mrs. Hill asked Mary to sing at their party.,She said to me, “Dont smoke in the classroom.”,She told me not
48、 to smoke in the classroom.,He said, “Lets go fishing tomorrow.”,He suggested going fishing the next day.,祈使句直接引语变间接引语的结构 (sb to do sth)：,A told B (not) to do,A asked B (not) to do,He told the girl to do it at once.,Mrs. Hill asked Mary to sing at their party.,二）祈使句改间接引语后是 sb (not) to do sth 结构 注意以下
49、几点1.said/said to要变成 asked/told/ order等可跟不定式作宾补的动词。2.呼语变宾语，please要去掉.,感叹句直接引语 (变化前)He said , “How happy I am!”间接引语(变化后)He said that he was very happy. He said how happy he was.What a clever boy you are! she exclaimed. She told him what a clever boy he was. She told him that he was a clever boy.,由直接引语
50、转变为间接引语,有时会引时态的变化,注意以下几个方面,1.主句动词为一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时，在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变：,直接引语 She often says , “All men and women are equal under the law.”间接引语 She often says that all men and women are equal under the law.,由直接引语转变为间接引语,下列情况时态不变1. 不变的真理：The teacher said to the students, “Water freezes when the temp
