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1、American History,From 1800 to 1945,Preface: the 1790s,The United States gradually expanded, territorially and experientially.The Bill of Rights is added in 1791.The cotton gin is invented in 1793.,Preface: the 1790s,The country had built up $74,000,000 of debt from the war, and had to pass taxes to
2、pay this debt, and then enforce the taxes.,Preface: The 1790s,The first political parties were Jefferson and Madisons Democratic-Republican party and Hamiltons Federalist party.,Preface: The 1790s,The Federalists wanted to create a strong and efficient federal government, but sometimes alienated the
3、 people, for example by passing high taxes on houses, land, and slaves, and in turn causing several rebellions.The Democratic-Republicans favored the middle class, and encouraged expansion of American settlements.,The Louisiana Purchase,The purchase of a huge expanse of land from France in 1803 radi
4、cally increased the size of the United States and allowed for a greater number of farmers.,The War of 1812,The Americans declared war against Britain because of interferences with American trade in Europe, mistreatment of American sailors, and Britains encouragement of hostilities with the Native Am
5、ericans.Washington D.C. was burned, but the Americans eventually won.Native Americans were later forced to move west (to Oklahoma) in the Trail of Tears (1830).,Economy and Politics in the 1820s,New political parties formed: the Democrats (from the Democratic-Republicans) and the Whigs. The latter f
6、avored the growth of industry.Banking was an object of great debate: there was no federal bank or currency, and the previous federal banks charter had expired.,Economic Growth in America,The Second Great Awakening,There was a great religious revival that changed the face of American Christianity.,“M
7、anifest Destiny” and the American Dream,Though people were optimistic about American society, most farmers had little time or money, and though there were more wealthy people in the United States than Europe by 1850, most of them were born into wealthy families.Western expansion dispersed this wealt
8、h, as Americans asserted a right to spread out to places like Oregon, California, and Texas, an idea called “Manifest Destiny”.,Slavery,Slavery was an established institution in the American economy, particularly in the South, but many people became convinced that it was an undesirable influence on
9、society.Economic developments had also made it a less profitable institution than it had been in the past.At the same time, there was a widespread idea that African Americans were inferior, according to different theories.,Slavery,There were also many disputes in the law about the slaves:The Constit
10、ution defined slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purposes of Congressional representation.The trans-Atlantic slave trade was banned in 1807 by the British Parliament.The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required Northern police to help in catching slaves.In the Dred Scott Case, the Supreme Court ruled that
11、 slaves were property and could not sue in court nor be protected by acts of the Federal government.,The Beginnings of War,Partisan politics took hold of issues of slavery and economics that divided the North and South, and made already-inflamed issues take center-stage in political issues.There are
12、 a number of polarizing causes within that: the slavery question, regionalism, the election of Lincoln, and the ongoing dominance of the North in Congress.The end result was that the South grew tired of its bonds to the Union.,The War Begins,On 12 April 1861, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter
13、in South Carolina.Lincoln responded by summoning a volunteer army to recapture government property. The North quickly built up a strong border defense and blockaded the Southern states.,The Nature of the Conflict,The American Civil War was the bloodiest conflict in American history, and soon both si
14、des were running out of soldiers and supplies, but the North had a more diverse and stable economy to draw from.To the credit of the South, General Robert E. Lee was loyal to his state of Virginia, and was certainly the most talented commander of either side, and had the soldiers and opportunity to
15、win the war, if it could be won quickly.,Objectives of theConfederate States of America,President Jefferson Davis of the CSA effectively turned control of the army over to General Lee, who had rapidly proved his brilliance in command, to the wide respect of his men.The strategy was to strike hard an
16、d fast at Washington D.C., todisable the army, capture Lincoln,and demoralize the Union.The British were considering allying themselves with the South.,Objectives of the Federal Government of the United States of America,President Lincoln had to keep a tenuous balance between the extremes of the rem
17、aining Union States for their loyalty.His priority wasmaintaining the unity of the nation, because regardingany issue, if the country was not whole, his actions would be of limited effectiveness.,The War Rages,For one year, the war continued, as General Lee won one battle after another and the Union
18、 was forced to send more and more troops.In 1862, the Union defeated Lee at the Battle of Antietam, pushing him back, and Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.In 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg would decide the result of the war, though the war would continue for another two years, until the
19、capture of the Southern capitol: Richmond, Virginia.,The Battle of Gettysburg,The Battle of Gettysburg was a three-day military engagement between the attacking Rebel Army of General Lee and the defending Union Army of the Potomac River.The armies, unknown to each other, moved past each other so tha
20、t the Southern army was positioned to attack Washington D.C. from the north and the Northern army was between the Southerners and the Federal Capitol.Suddenly they met in the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.,The Battle of Gettysburg: Day 1,In the first day of the battle, the Union and Rebel f
21、orces met andthe Union retreated to a ridge above the city.This ridge would be astrong Union positionfor the rest of the battle.,The Battle of Gettysburg: Day 2,On the second day ofbattle, the Rebel armyattempted to flank theUnion army by goingaround the southernedge, at Little Round Top, where they
22、 werefamously defeated.,The Defense of Little Round Top,The most famous maneuver of the second day was the defense of Little Round Top by Colonel Joshua Laurence Chamberlain and his soldiers from Maine.,The Battle of Gettysburg: Day 3,Having attacked bothsides of the Union army,Lee decided to attack
23、the center. He ordereda bold charge withartillery support. This was unlikely to succeedand was repelled.,The End of the War,After defeat at Gettysburg, the South lost its allies and its ability to effectively attack, and so was defensive for the rest of the war.Eventually Richmond was lost, and the
24、Confederacy surrendered in 1865.The victory was bittersweet as President Lincoln was assassinated by Southern-sympathizing conspirators later that year.,The Reconstruction,Being recently treacherous, the government of the Southern states had to be replaced by more loyal, Northern military leadership
25、.Lincoln had wanted a moderate plan for reconstruction, but he and his followers were opposed by suspicious Republicans.This made the South vulnerable to exploitation.The Freedmans Bureau was established to support the newly-freed slaves with health care, education, and employment.The Fourteen Amend
26、ment applied most of the Bill of Rights to state governments as well as the federal government.,New Forms of Racism,With their state governments under Northern martial law, Southerners became fiercely opposed to new legislations.By 1877, the Southern states had been granted their sovereignty again,
27、and passed the Jim Crow laws, declaring that Blacks would remain “separate but equal”.Of course, it was not really equal, because the lawmakers were not concerned with the quality of Black peoples facilities.,New Forms of Racism,During the Reconstruction Era, societies such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
28、 formed to resist anyone who created “impurities” in their elitist White Anglo-Saxon Protestant culture by acts of violence and terrorism.,Industry and Urban Expansionfrom 1865 to 1918,Over 27,000,000 immigrants arrived into the cities of the United States, offering a work force and population base.
29、 The average annual income of non-agricultural workers grew by over 100% (after factoring inflation).Corporations grew even more powerful, becoming “trusts”, which were effectively a form of monopoly.The United States had become the worlds leading industrial nation.,The Working Class,The wages of wo
30、rkers rose to be double what was paid in Europe, but the work was harder and with less leisure.Labor unions, groups of workers using striking and common interests to demand higherwages and better working conditions, began to appear.,The Spanish-American War,In 1898, the United States lost patience w
31、ith Spanish abuse of the Cuban natives when an American ship was sunk in a Cuban harbor.The result was a mostly-naval battle won by the Americans.A treaty was written, ending the Spanish Empire by transferring ownership of Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the United States.Cuba was im
32、mediately given independence; the Philippines fought another war with the United States until 1902.Guam and Puerto Ricos colonial governments transitioned smoothly into American territorial commonwealths.These grants made expansionism an issue in politics.,Womens Suffrage,From as early as 1848, the
33、growing involvement of women in politics made womens suffrage an issue. In 1912, the suffrage movement was revived, and in 1919, womens suffrage became a constitutional amendment.Some states had already granted women the right to vote before then; others, such as Southern states, considered it dange
34、rous to the political consistency of the states.It was the sense that women served the country on the Home Front that defeated the old argument that non-soldiers should not vote.,World War I (1914-1918),Largely a conflict of European politics, which the Americans strongly avoided getting involved in
35、.Britain, France, and Russia were fighting against Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.Britain blockaded Germany, and Germany used submarines to secretly destroy ships going to Britain, including American ones.Just in case the Americans tried to fight Germany over this, Germany offered Mexico suppor
36、t if Mexico fought the United States.The United States heard of the offer, and with the Allies defeated Germany in 1918.,The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations,Britain, France, and Russia required that Germany pay to compensate for the massive losses of the war, however, the United State
37、s refused it and signed its own treaty with Germany.President Wilson founded the League of Nations as an alliance of the worlds most powerful nations, which the United States did not join.My offensive equipment being practically nil, it remains for me to fascinate him with the power of my eye.,The R
38、oaring Twenties,Economic growth continued into the twenties, with a yet-strong economy supported by payments from Britain and France from war debts.Veterans, inspired by their travels in the war, began to move more and more into cities.Hollywood began large-scale film production.Jazz music and clubs
39、 became popular with the youth in cities, further encouraged by the illegal bars during the Prohibition Era (1920-33), when producing and selling alcohol was banned and organized crime flourished.,The Great Depression,In 1929, the economy began to decline, and was accelerated by Black Tuesday, which
40、 was a massive crash in the stock market as a result.By 1933, unemployment had risen from 3% to 25%, and manufacturing productivity dropped by 30%. Agriculture had already been suffering for some time.People would move from the suffering South, try to get factory jobs that hired on a day-to-day basi
41、s, stand in bread lines, and live in shacks in public parks. There were many riots as well.,FDRs New Deal,To counter the decline, President Roosevelt closed the banks and began creating new economic policies.He ended the gold standard in favor of the credit system by banning private ownership of gol
42、d and printing massive amounts of currency.He reduced the salary of government employees and pension of veterans by up to 15% to reduce government spending.He ordered the destruction and suspension of agricultural production to reduce surplus.He created a large number of government organizations to
43、create and secure new jobs.,FDRs Second New Deal,In 1935-1936, a second group of policiesfurther changed American economics. These proved more controversial, as they were clearly designed to redistribute wealth.Programs included everything from Social Security to price control, corporation break-ups
44、, and heavy taxes on business owners.In 1937, another decline hit the economy, commonly blamed on the strengthened unions and deterring effect of the New Deal on business investment.New plans were developed as WWII began.,Results of the New Deal,Whether or not the New Deal benefited the economy, it
45、was World War II that ended the Great Depression, with the sudden increase in government spending and the need for as many workers as possibleproductivity doubled, and unemployment suddenly dropped back down to 2% over the course of the war.Either way, the New Deal gave the president considerably mo
46、re power to control the economy than before, despite the checks of the Congress and Supreme Court.,World War II (1939-1945),The deadliest conflict in human history, with 50-70,000,000 casualties, began in 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland.This would be a total war, and involve more people and co
47、untries than any other in history, with massive civilian losses.Britain and France promptly declared war on Germany as the latter began building a European empire. The USSR, Japan, and Italy at the time were allies or technically neutral.,World War II (1939-1945),In 1941 Germany attacked the USSR an
48、d Japan attacked the United States, forcing both of them to join Britain and France.In 1942, the United States stopped the Japanese advance, and the other Allies the German advance, turning the tide.In 1944, Italy and France were taken by the Allies.In 1945, Germany was captured and Japan bombed. Bo
49、th surrendered, ending the war.,The Pacific Theatre,As many as 5-10% of Guams 20,000 people were killed during the Japanese occupation of Guam.China did not join the Allies until 1941, figuring that they would be the easy victors in the conflict. Unfortunately, the war continued, and Chinas relative
50、 isolation hindered both the Allies support and Chinese involvement on either front; however, they did consume a large amount of Japans military resources.,The Four Policemen,The Big Three (the US, USSR, and British Commonwealth) and China (until the Civil War resumed in 1946) were considered the gu
