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1、Writing,Writing,Working toward coherence I,Coherence in a paragraph refers to the way the sentences are arranged and to their relationship to one another. When a paragraph is coherent, the sentences are arranged in a clear and logical order, the transitions are smooth and natural, and ideas flow smo
2、othly and gracefully from one sentence to the next. As a result, the reader finds it easy to follow the writers,INTRODUCTION,train of thought.,Generally, there are two devices that will help you achieve coherence in your writing:, transitional words and phrases that show specific kinds of relationsh
3、ips, the repetition of or reference to key terms.,Transitional words and phrases signal specific kinds of relationships between the parts of sentences, between sentences in a paragraph, and between paragraphs in a,Here are some of the most common transitional words and phrases and the relationships
4、they show.,longer composition.,to show addition:,and, too, also, again, as well as, besides, in addition, additionally, moreover, further, furthermore, bothand, not onlybut also.,To show concession:,although, though, even though, even if, regardless of, in spite of, despite,To show time,once, before
5、, after, afterward, always, when, at once, as soon as, to begin with, first (second, third), in the meantime, at the same time, simultaneously, in the past (future), later, then, next, until, at last, finally, eventually, ultimately, from then on, since then,To show place,in front of, on the other s
6、ide, behind, inside, outside, nearby, next to, opposite, beyond, below, under, at this point,To show result,because, so, since, as thus, hence, as a result (consequence), for this reason, consequently, accordingly, therefore, on account of, by virtue of, on the ground of/that-,To compare and contras
7、t,similarly, in the same way, likewise, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, but, yet, nevertheless,To illustrate or explain,for example, for instance, namely, in particular, such as, that is, to illustrate,To emphasize,indeed, in fact, above all, of course, unquestionably, most importan
8、tly, last but not least, specifically,To summarize,in brief , in other words , in short, as has been said, on the whole, to sum up, in conclusion,A:Read the following paragraph and identify the transitional words in it.,Nowadays, under the new tuition system, an increasing number of students, especi
9、ally those poverty-stricken students, now seem to be defeated by the taking tuition burden. Therefore , many people complain that the new tuition system keeps poverty-stricken students away from college. However , in my opinion, the new tuition system does add much difficulties to the poor students
10、but it will never,especially,Therefore,However,but,keeps them away from college. First, in carrying out the new tuition system, the governmental should provide some special policy for poor student. Besides, they are entitled to take a loan from banks or do some part-time jobs during their spare time
11、, such as weekends and holidays. Finally, they can try to win scholarship by additional efforts. In short , man proposes, and God disposes. No one will be kept out of college due to financial burden unless he is defeated by himself.,First ,Besides,such as,Finally,In short,unless,B. Supply the transi
12、tions that have been left out of the following paragraph. Then reread the paragraph and note how the transitional expressions contribute to coherence.,ATM has _ favorable _ unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows. First, its convenient. Depositors can draw money from
13、an ATM without filling in a drawing form or showing the ID card._, its safe. Depositors neednt carry the money with them. _, depositors,both. and on the other hand therefore To begin with Besides Most important of all To make matters worse,both,and,Besides,Most important of all,will never worry abou
14、t the fake money, _ ,they can always set their heart at ease. But_, ATM also has many disadvantages._, it often brings troubles whenever a depositor forgets his secret code._, if a depositor doesnt operate it properly, his card will get stuck or be swallowed.,both. and on the other hand therefore To
15、 begin with Besides Most important of all To make matters worse,therefore,on the other hand,To begin with,To make matters worse,Writing,Writing,As you write, you will constantly look back by referring to concepts or items that you have already mentioned. To avoid confusion resulting from needless re
16、petition of terms or ideas mentioned previously, you use devices such as:,pronoun reference,substitution,synonyms,derivatives,general term for a specific key word or a specific term for a general key word,Pronoun reference: When you make repeated mention of a particular item, you use a pronoun in re
17、ference to it, instead of naming it again. The pronouns you may use are either personal (he, she, it, they), demonstrative (this, that, these) or relative (who, whom, which).,Each teenager is expected to cover his or her own expenses for articles for personal use, entertainment, long-distance teleph
18、one calls and clothing. Towards this, they should budget between $200 to $300 a month. (Para. 6),Basically, most students leave knowing they will have to do without their accustomed parental protection and learn to take care of themselves. However, no one packs his or her bags alone. (Para.7),Every
19、year the United States is host to an average of 78,000 foreign high school level students, of which 3,000 are Brazilian. All of them go for the same reasonto become fluent in English, complete high school, and understand everything they can about the American way of life. (Para. 3),=78,000 foreign h
20、igh school level students,Substitution: Substitution can also be used to avoid useless repetition. Commonly used substitutions include: here, there, now, then, this way, thus, such, this kind of, the same, to that extent, to such a degree. The following are some examples quoted from the passage:,Ver
21、y few arrive in the country with all the details worked out. Gloria Marcato is one of the lucky ones. (Para.5) (lucky ones = lucky students),Parents always give suggestions, or even take on the task themselves. The youngsters frequently show their lack of practice at such things.(Para.7),Another mom
22、ent of tension descends while students await the domestic flight that will take them to their temporary home in America. From then on its everyone for himself. (Para.9),A few teenagers arrive in the United States with little command of English. In such cases the sole solution is private language stu
23、dy. This in turn pushes up the program cost. (Para. 12),Synonyms: If you have to refer to a certain key word yet you dont want to repeat it, you may use its synonym. For example:,All scientists have the tendency to be meticulous in their treatment of data. This inclination to be extra careful in han
24、dling details in their experiments seems to be inherent in them.,inclination=tendencymeticulous in their treatment of data= extra careful in handling details,Derivative: derivation is also used for reference to a key word when the key word need to appear in another sentence in a different part of sp
25、eech. For instance:,Some plants were exposed to the sunlight. This exposure made them sturdy.,General term in reference to a specific key word or a specific term to a general key word: When you want to restate a certain word, you may also use a general term to summarize the key word or use a specifi
26、c word to clarify it. For example:,However, no one packs his or her bags alone. Parents always give suggestions, or even take on the task themselves.,Practice,Apply reference devices to the sets of sentences below to avoid unnecessary repetition.,This plant in the shade is too small. I need a bigger
27、 plant.,Do you think scientists know a lot? I think they know a lot.,one,do,When a scientist wants to find out common factors to account for known facts, the scientist chooses the method of the “controlled experiment”.,he,Many people suffer from the disease. The disease can be cured.,which,Time is one of the important things to consider in an experiment. The scientist should take time into consideration when he conducts an experiment.,this factor,The doctor arrived just in time to save the injured driver. The driver didnt anticipate the doctor would arrive.,the doctors arrival, who,
