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1、American Modernism:The Lost Generation,Ernest Hemingway,The Iceberg Theory,The Hemingway Code Hero,The Lost Generation,Lecture Keywords,The Lost Generation ,The Lost Generation refers to, in general, the post-WWI generation, but specifically a group of expatriate (移居国外的) disillusioned intellectuals
2、and artists, who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism(享乐主义).,The Lost Generation ,Representatives:Francis Scott Fitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德 Ezra Pound 庞德William Faulkner 福克纳Ernest Hemingway 海明威
3、Sherwood Anderson 舍伍德安德森 John Dos Passos 约翰多斯帕索斯Gertrude Stein 格特鲁德斯泰因,The Hemingway Code Hero,It refers to some protagonists in Hemingways works.Life: full of tension and battlesThe world: in chaos Man: always fighting desperately a losing battle. “The Hemingway code“: a set of principles such as h
4、onor, courage, endurance, wisdom, discipline and dignity.,Motto,DP: “Exactly what do you mean by guts?”EH: “I mean, grace under pressure.”,-Ernest Hemingway (an interview with Dorothy Parker, New Yorker, 30 November,1929),Traits,He does not talk about what he believes in. He expresses himself not in
5、 words, but in actions. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.,The Iceberg Theory ,“If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about ,he may omit things that he knows and the read
6、er, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.,The Lost Generation ,The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he does not know them only
7、makes hollow places in his writing. ”,The Iceberg Theory ,“Find what gave you the emotion; what the action was that gave you the excitement. Then write it down making it clear so the reader will see it too and have the same feeling as you had.”,The Iceberg Theory ,Definition: 1. It is a writing tech
8、nique employed by Hemingway. He left out essential information of the story in the belief that omission can sometimes strengthen the plot of the novel. 2. According to Hemingway, good literary writing should be able to make readers feel the emotion of the characters directly.,The Iceberg Theory ,3.
9、Hemingway created a lean, clear prose based on action without any authorial comments, conventionally emotive language, and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs. 4. Seemingly simple and natural, Hemingways style is actually polished and tightly controlled, but highly suggestive and connotati
10、ve.,Writing Styles,*Understatement and omission*Repetition*Focus on facts*Few adjectives or adverbs*Simple, short ,conventional words and sentences*Concise, vivid*Symbolism,Important Works,The Sun Also Rises (1926)太阳照常升起A Farewell to Arms (1929)永别了，武器/ 战地春梦 For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)丧钟为谁而鸣/ 战地钟声
11、The Old Man and the Sea (1952)老人与海,A FAREWELL TO ARMS,Ernest Hemingway,A Farewell to Arms,Author PlotsCharactersChapter XLI StyleSymbols,We know he was a writer,On boxing ring, he was the persevering athlete,In the woods ,he was a cool hunter,At the sea, he was a bullheaded fishman,On the battlefiel
12、d, he is a bravefighter,In the family, he was also a husband and father,Plot summary,The wound and the courtship The love and the pregnancy The Capture and the escape The labor and the end,Characters,Frederic HenryCatherine Barkley,Frederic Henry,a man of action who coolly exhibits grace under press
13、ure while confronting death. The Hemingway hero also eschews glory for a more personal code of honor.,Catherine Barkley,Catherine Barkley is an nurse. She volunteered in the war. She is English, professional and deeply feeling. She is wise and cynical in many ways. Catherines chief heroism is to ign
14、ore the dangers of unprotected sex and to accept the pain and death of childbirth stoically.,Main idea of the last chapter:,Frederic Henry takes Catherine Barkley to the hospital, where she experiences a protracted and agonizing childbirth. First the baby dies, having choked on its umbilical cord. T
15、hen, as a result of multiple hemorrhages, Catherine dies as well.,Close Reading,conversation-style state-styleinner monologuelinear art,Symbols,It was dark but in the light from the window I could see it was raining. I could see nothing but the dark and the rain falling across the light from the win
16、dow.I went down the hall and then down the stairs and out the door of the hospital and down the dark street in the rain to the caf.,Symbols,I walked through the rain up to the hospital.But after I had got them out and shut the door and turned off the light it wasnt any good. It was like saying good-
17、by to a statue. After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain.,It is raining outside almost every time something bad occurs, such as the armys retreat or Catherines death, and serves to mark these events as random occurrences just like rain itself. Rain also serves as a life-affirming symbol, one which baptizes Henry when he decides to desert the Italian army. In this dual purpose, Hemingway places all control, both curse and blessing, into the hands of the world and not of man.,The Rain:,
