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1、Functional grammar-Three metafunctions,1.Functional grammar 2.The Ideational Function 3.The Interpersonal Function 4.The Textual Function,1.Functional grammar,Basic viewpoints:Language is the product of social activities. Language is what it is because it has to serve certain social functions. Socia
2、l demands on language has helped to shape its structure.Halliday defines a functional grammar as essentially a natural grammar, in the sense that everything in it can be explained He explores language in terms of the relations between language and social needs, social structure, and socio-cultural b
3、ackground.,1.Functional grammar,Halliday views language development in children as the mastery of linguistic function, and learning a language is learning how to mean“语言功能的掌握” 、“学习语言就是学习如何表达”,1.Functional grammar,Seven functions in childrens model of language :The instrumental function(工具): to meet
4、his material needs, goods and services;The regulatory function(控制): to control others behavior;The interactional function(互动): to talk with othersThe personal function(个人): to express his feelingsThe heuristic function（启发）: to know about his own surroundingsThe imaginative function（想象）: to create su
5、rroundingsThe informative function（告知）: to provide information for others,1.Functional grammar,The adults language has to serve many functions, senven functions of childrens language are gradually reduced to a set of highly coded and abstract functions, which are meta-functions(纯理功能）: Ideational fun
6、ction （概念功能） Interpersonal function （人际功能） Textual function.（语篇功能）,2.The Ideational Function,The ideational function (experimental and logical) is to convey new information unknown to the hearer. It is a meaning potential(意义潜势), used in all languages. It is to refer to categories of experience of th
7、e world.,2.The Ideational Function,The ideational function mainly consists of transitivity（及物性） and voice（语态）.,2.The Ideational Function,Transitivity is the grammar of the clause in its ideational aspect. It consists of 6 different processes: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal and exis
8、tential.,2.1.Material processes(物质过程),Material processes are those in which something is done.(表示做某件事的过程)Process: an action verbActor(logical subject): 动作者Goal (logical direct object): 目标,2.1.Material processes(物质过程),eg.My brother broke the vase. Actor Process Goal,2.2.Mental processes(心理过程),Mental
9、processes express such mental phenomena as perception感知,reaction反应 and cognition认知. Sensor :感觉者 Phenomenon ：被感知的现象,2.2.Mental processes(心理过程),eg. perception感知 John saw the murderer. sensor process phenomenon eg.reaction反应 My sister likes the skirt. sensor process phenomenon eg.cognition认知 I know tha
10、t she was absent. sensor process phenomenon,2.3.Relational processes(关系过程),Relational processes can be classfied into two types: Attributive(归属) ：某个实体具有何种属性Identifying（识别）:一个实体与另一个实体是统一的,2.3.Relational processes(关系过程),eg.Attributive(归属) The film lasted two hours. carrier 载体 process过程 attribute属性 eg.
11、Identifying（识别） John is our monitor.identified被识别者 process identifier识别者 token标记 value 价值,2.4.Behavioral processes(行为过程),Behavioral processes refer to physiological and psychological behaviour such as breathing,coughing,smiling,laughing,crying.一般只有一个参加者，一般为人。,2.4.Behavioral processes(行为过程),eg. The o
12、ld man sighed for the days of his youth. behaver行为者,2.5.Verbal processes(言语过程),Verbal processes are those of exchanging information.（say, tell, talk, etc.) sayer:讲话者 receiver:受话者 verbiage:讲话内容,2.5.Verbal processes(言语过程),eg. My watch says it is nine-thirty. sayer verbiage,2.6.Existential processes(存在
13、过程),Existential processes represent that something exists or happens. (be, exist, etc.) eg.There is a new office building. existent 存在物,2.7.summary,Process type (过程类型) category meaning （意义） participants（参加者）Material: doing Actor, Goal Action doing Event happeningBehavioral behaving BehaverMental: se
14、nsing Sensor, Phenomenon Perception seeing Affection feeling Cognition thinkingVerbal saying Sayer, TargetRelational: being Attribution attributing carrier, AttributeIdentification identifying Identified, identifierExistential existing Existent,3.The Interpersonal Function（人际功能）,The interpersonal me
15、ta-function embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations. It is about the social world, especially the relationship between speaker and hearer, and is concerned with clauses as exchanges.,In the interpersonal meta-function subject 主语 mood(语气) finite element 限定成分 A clause mo
16、dality (情态),3.1 Mood(语气),Mood provides us with the speech functions , such as persuading , enticing(诱骗) , requesting , ordering , suggesting ,asserting , insisting , doubting ,and so on.Subject: noun, noun phrase, short sentence , etc.Finite element is a number of verbal operators(动词运算符) expressing
17、tense(has , is) or modality(must, can),MoodThose who wish to participate in the contest must put their names here.To argue with the captain is asking for trouble.Ignoring the problem will not make your work easier.,3.2 Modality(情态),Modality（情态）refers to the judgment on achievement orientation and ef
18、fectiveness of speakers proposition(命题), or the required obligation in the command, or the expressed willingness in the proposal(提议).,assertion(断言) this is 命题(proposition) negation(否定) this is not prescribing(规定) do it 提议(proposal) proscribing(禁止) dont do it,命题（proposition）,在断言和否定之间有两种可能性:(1) 不同量值的概
19、率（如 possibly, probably, certainly）(2) 不同量值的频率（如 sometimes, usually, always）,提议(proposal),在做此事与不能做此事之间也有两种可能性。哪一种起作用取决于小句的言语功能是命令(command)还是提供（offer）.命令句中，中介量值代表不同程度的义务(如allowed to , supposed to , required to)提供句中，中介量值代表不同程度的意愿(如willing to , anxious to, determined to),3.3 Speech Function(言语功能),Accord
20、ing to Halliday, of the various speech roles（言语角色）, two are the most basic : giving(给予) and taking(求取)。In interpersonal communications, the commodities exchanged(交换物) can also fall into two kinds : goods-services（物品及服务） and information（信息）. Thus, speech roles and commodities exchanged make up four p
21、rincipal speech roles: offer , command, statement, and question.,4. Textual Function,Textual Function refers to the existence of a mechanism in the language, which can organize any stretch of verbal or written discourse into a coherent and unified chapters and make a living language fragment disting
22、uish from a random permutation. 语篇功能是语言中的机制，语篇功能是指语言中存在一种机制，可以将任何的一段口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的篇章，使一个活的言语信息片段区别于一堆随机排列的句子。,In our daily use, the basic unit of language is not word or sentence,but the text “语篇”. In order to make other two functions work, the speaker must organize them together. This is called t
23、extual function. language makes links with itself and with features of the situation which it is used.This enables the speaker or writer to construct a text that is connected. The textual metafunction enables the realization of the relation between language and context, making the language user prod
24、uce a text which matches the context.,The relevant grammatical systems include Theme, Given and New, as well as the systems of cohesion, such as Reference, Substitution, and Ellipsis.Three Routes: Thematic relations主位结构 Information structure 信息结构 Cohesion 衔接,The concept of Theme is important to in f
25、unctional approaches to syntax.,Thematic relations,theme 主位,rheme述位,Theme 主位,The theme is the first constituent, and it denotes the starting point of the clause-what it is going to be about. 主位是信息的出发点,是所谈论的对象或基础,句子是围绕主位这个成分组织起来的,传达的是已知信息。- The starting point of the clause messageRealized in English
26、by first position in a cluaseMust contain a participant, process or circumstancesIncludes any element preceding the first participant, process or circumstances;Multiple theme,Rheme 述位,The rest part of the clause is called rheme,the information that is new.述位则是对主位的描述，描写和说明，传达的是新信息。,Theme,Herry kissed
27、 the Alice in the park.,In the park ,Herry kissed the Alice.,Theme,Rheme,Rheme,SummaryTextual function, enables speakers or writers to construct a text and enables listeners to readers to distinguish a text from a random set of sentences. to make it clear to our audience2. to emphasize, or make prominent, the essential element of it.,
