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1、句法的理解与翻译Syntactic understanding and translation,1. 英汉句子语言特征对比Comparisons between English and Chinese syntactic Features,1.1 英语重形合，汉语重意合,英语重形合是指英语语言符号之间有较强的逻辑关系: connectives; prepositions; relatives 汉语重意合是指汉语句子主要通过字词的意义连结起来: punctuations。,例：Accomplishment is often deceptive because we dont see the pa
2、in and perseverance that produced it. So we may credit the achiever with brains, brawn or lucky break and let ourselves off the hook because we fall short in all three.【译文】成就常常使人产生错觉，使人只看到功成名就，却看不到成就的来之不易，和为之所付出的艰辛困苦，总以为成功者之所以成功是因为人家身体棒、脑子灵、运气好，从而为自己找借口开脱，说自己没有获得成功是因为自己不具备上述这三条。,1.2英语爱化零为整，汉语喜化整为零,英
3、国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人则化整为零。说明英汉两种语言写作在篇章结构方面和句子互译方面的差异。,例：Harvard Business School opened in the early 20th century, and pioneered the case-study method of teachingmaking use of real-world scenarios, instead of relying on academic theorya methodology that has remained the bases for many MBA programmes aro
4、und the world today.【译文】哈佛商学院成立于20世纪初，它开了个案研究教学法之先河，即在教学中运用现实生活中的案例，而不是单纯依靠学术理论，这种方法业已成为当今世界MBA课程的基础。,1.3英语语序变换多，汉语语序较固定,英语为了获得句子形式上的平衡或修辞上的强调效果，经常将句中的某些成分的位置进行调整， 如主谓倒装、宾语后置、或与其它成分的位置调换等，以产生修辞上的生动效果。 这种句子成分的位置调换在汉语中较少见。,例：The saga of the White Star liner Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on
5、 its maiden voyage in 1912, carrying more than 1 300 passengers to their deaths, has been celebrated in print and on film, in poetry and song.【译文】白星公司的班轮泰坦尼克号在1912年处女航中因撞上冰山而沉没，船上1 300多名乘客遇难。此后关于她的种种传说便成为各种刊物、电影以及诗歌、歌曲的内容而广为流传。,1.4 英语多被动，汉语常用主动,英语重物称，常采用无生命词汇作主语，所以多被动句，并且不指出动作的执行者； 汉语重人称，习惯用表示人或物的词汇
6、作主语，大都以主动句的形式出现。,例：The little cares, fears, tears, timid misgivings, sleepless fancies of I dont know how many days and nights, were forgotten, under one moments influence of that familiar, irresistible smile. (Thackeray: Vanity Fair)【译文】他那熟悉的笑容有一股不可抵抗的魔力，多少天来牵肠挂肚、淌眼抹泪，心里疑疑惑惑，晚上胡思乱想睡不着，一看见他，顷刻之间就把一切
7、忧虑忘得精光。（杨必译）,1. I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, l
8、oad his pages with metaphor and simile.2. I sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavor to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the United Nations for so many years.3. They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is
9、 on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.4. Culture to him, as to the Orientals, with whom he lived so much and sympathized so deeply, was an affair of the spirit and of mind not to be measured by material progress, or, even by the arts.,1I suppose that i
10、f a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and
11、simile.【译文】我想，如果一个人思路不清，写起文章来也会杂乱无章；如果他性情多变、喜怒无常，他的文章也会充满奇思妙想；如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前之事联想到上百件事，除非他有很强的自我约束力，他的文章就会满篇是比喻联想。,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意语序、语态特点,2I sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavor to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the U
12、nited Nations for so many years.【译文】我们诚恳地希望，你们在表示祝贺之后，能作出相应的共同努力，以便寻求一个公正可行的办法，来解决这个多年来一直困扰着联合国的问题。,3They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.【译文】他们通常没意识到在很多国家，行行色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家，这已成为人们几百年来的生活方式。
13、,4Culture to him, as to the Orientals, with whom he lived so much and sympathized so deeply, was an affair of the spirit and of mind not to be measured by material progress, or, even by the arts. 【译文】他心中的所谓文化，与人的精神心灵有关，不能用物质的丰富，甚至艺术文明来衡量。他跟东方人交往很久，也同情东方人；在东方人心目中，文化也是如此。,2. 英汉句法结构对比Comparison in Engl
14、ish and Chinese Sentence Structure,A. 英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句,2.1 英汉句子结构的互换,B. 英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句,例1：His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free Beijing University.【译文】由于中学成绩优异，他免费上了北京大学。例2：His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenie
15、nt shade.【译文】她很疲惫，也感到越来越热，于是决定一遇到有阴凉的地方就坐下来休息。,A. 英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句,例1：He doesnt know what life means to him.【译文】他不知道人生的意义。例2：What troubles me is that I dont have much experience in this kind of work.【译文】使我苦恼的是我做这种工作经验不多。例3：He was very clean and his mind was open.【译文】他为人单纯而坦率。,B. 英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句,2.
16、2 英汉句子顺序的调整,“语义表达没有明确的从左向右或从上到下的顺序，但语义在句法上尤其是横向组合关系上有具体的线性体现。 语序的实质是根据思维之流来安排句法单位的排列顺序” 。 但S-V-O句子结构是人类语言最优化的结构，最符合人类的认知顺序，使用最为广泛。,A. 调整时间顺序,英语叙述其从句可在主句之前，也可在主语之后， 而汉语则按事情发生的先后顺序来叙述。,例：Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior which had until then provided the only way of dom
17、inating the environment was first broken through by conscious choice.【译文】遗传和行为的继承一直是支配环境的惟一方式， 当这种继承第一次被有意识的选择打破时，人类历史便开始了。,英汉两种语言一般都遵循由上到下、由左到右、由里到外的顺序排列；但是汉语由背景到焦点、由参照体到目标体；英语由焦点到背景、由目标体到参照体。英语大都把最重要的或者较紧急的信息放在最前面，而汉语则相反，最重要的却在最后，遵循“尾心”原则。,B. 调整空间顺序,例：I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm b
18、reeze on my skin and the cool support of water.【译文】和煦的微风吹拂着我的肌肤，凉爽的海水托浮着我的身体。我享受着那种纯净的飘飘欲仙的感觉。,英语因果叙述表示原因的从句可在主句之前，也可在主语之后，而汉语常是“因”在前，“果”在后；表示条件假设的从句和表示因果从句差不多，而汉语常是“条件假设”在前，“结果”在后；英语表示目的行为，常是“行为”在前，“目的”在后，而汉语有时为了强调目的，常把目的放在行为之前；表示结果理由的从句，常是“理由”在前，“结果”在后，汉语也常是“理由”在前，“结果”在后。汉语一般是由大到小、或由整体到部分这样排列；而英语一
19、般是由小到大，由部分到整体排列。,C. 调整逻辑顺序,例1：The young cyclist dashed about madly and was knocked down by a truck.【译文】那个骑车的青年横冲直撞，结果被一辆卡车撞倒了。例2：She kicked her shoes, and stepped into a pair of slippers which were too big for her tiny feet; without shoes she lost some of her elegance and height.【译文】她踢脱鞋子，踏进一双拖鞋。可对她
20、那双纤纤细脚来说，拖鞋显得太大了。换鞋之后，她便失了几分风度，也失了几分高度。,1. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.2The station chief would have to be close to the director, a member of the inner circle.3. This place is really beautiful, and many people bring their wives and families out here to live.4The music world an
21、d the world at large became poorer places on April 8, when Marian Anderson, the greatest alto from Philadelphia, died at 96. 5This preface must necessarily by short and modest, for I cannot claim to be an expert in painting, merely an ardent lover of the art.6. He smiled at that, with a rueful curve
22、 of his lips, but his eyes were alight with an emotion she was afraid to identify.7. Environmental degradation and population growth, with consequent increase in demand for water, have contributed to a shortage of good quality fresh water.8. There are few moments in life that bring husband and wife
23、closer in reflective communion than the first October moment by a blazing hearth when they inhale the odor of mothballs in each others sweaters and agree its time they once again had a long talk.,1That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.【译文】那是个是非之地，大家都看得出来。2The station chief would have to
24、 be close to the director, a member of the inner circle.【译文】这位站长就得接近董事，因为董事是核心集团的成员。,课堂互动3： 翻译句子，注意句子的结构转换,3This place is really beautiful, and many people bring their wives and families out here to live.【译文】这地方实在漂亮，所以许多人都把自己的家小搬来居住。,4The music world and the world at large became poorer places on Ap
25、ril 8, when Marian Anderson, the greatest alto from Philadelphia, died at 96. （按照时间顺序）【译文】今年4月8日，来自费城96岁高龄的伟大女低音歌唱家玛丽安 安德森逝世，噩耗传来，世界各地，尤其是音乐界人士，无不为之黯然伤神。,5This preface must necessarily by short and modest, for I cannot claim to be an expert in painting, merely an ardent lover of the art. （按照逻辑顺序）【译文
26、】我在绘画方面谈不上有所专攻，只是热爱这门艺术而已，因此要为这部画册作序，只能三言两语谈一点肤浅的看法。,6. He smiled at that, with a rueful curve of his lips, but his eyes were alight with an emotion she was afraid to identify.【译文】听了这话，他笑了，双唇合成一条曲线，露出一副悔恨的样子。但两眼仍熠熠发光，脉脉含情。这种感情她不敢认同。,7：Environmental degradation and population growth, with consequent
27、increase in demand for water, have contributed to a shortage of good quality fresh water.【译文】环境退化和人口增长，以及随之而来的对水的需求不断增加，这使得优质淡水的短缺变得更为严重。,8. There are few moments in life that bring husband and wife closer in reflective communion than the first October moment by a blazing hearth when they inhale the
28、 odor of mothballs in each others sweaters and agree its time they once again had a long talk.【译文】十月初临，夫妻俩傍倚着融融的炉火，都能闻到对方毛衣散发出的卫生球气味，默契地认为是他们在一起促膝长谈的时候了，如此亲密无间地沉浸在感情交流之中，一生能有几回。,9. It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of
29、 natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.欧洲有些国家，天气坏透，那里的人要辛苦一番，才能找到景色如画的地方。奇怪，他们恰好最喜欢过乡村生活，也最爱欣赏天然风景，而且这个情形也极普遍。这就是实情，我怎么也提不出叫人满意的解释来。,1）He felt
30、 a qualm in his stomach, and it was more in memory of his own loneliness than anticipation of hers.（按照信息中心译）【译文】他感到一阵心酸，与其说是预见了她的凄凉，倒不如说是想到了他自己的孤独。,exercises: 1. 翻译下列句子，注意调整语序,2）For example, a girl student who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved he
31、r desk away from her bed.（按照时间顺序）【译文】例如，有位女学生，原来学习很吃力，但自从换了一盏好台灯，并把桌子从床边搬开以后，学习就取得了长足的进步。,2. 翻译下列短文，注意衔接表达方式,1) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout. After the alarm had been given, th
32、e great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision. The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.【译文】“泰坦尼克”号起航后的第四天，正行驶在北大西洋冰冷的海面上。突然，瞭望员发现正前方有一座冰山。警报拉响后，巨轮急转弯，以避免与冰山正面相撞。“泰坦尼克”号这个弯儿拐得及时，紧贴着高出海面100英尺的巨大冰墙擦了过去。,2）N
33、o matter how bad the world may become, no matter how much the mass man of the future may lose such of the virtues as he still has, one fact remains. If one person alone refuses to go along with him, if one person alone asserts his individual and inner right to believe in and be loyal to what his fellow men seem to have given up, then at least he will still retain what is perhaps the most important part of humanity.【译文】不管世界会堕落到什么地步，不管未来的人会丧失多少他们迄今还保留着的美德，有一个事实依然不变：只要有一个人不肯跟着随波逐流，只要有一个人还会坚持自己植根于心灵深处的权利，信守他的同胞似乎已经放弃的美德，那他至少还会保留着也许是人性中最宝贵的东西。,谢谢,Thank you for your attending,返回章重点,退出,
