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1、,Unit 8 Humor Interpretation in Intercultural Encounters,Culture is a Bridge.,English gas station,All Greek to me:Meaningless and incomprehensible like someone who cannot read, speak, or understand any of the Greek language would be.All In The Same Boat:When everyone is facing the same challenges.An
2、 Arm And A Leg:Very expensive. A large amount of money.,English gas station,A Taste Of Your Own Medicine:When you are mistreated the same way you mistreat others.Beat A Dead Horse:To force an issue that has already ended.Beating Around The Bush:Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about th
3、e issue.,英格兰人谈论苏格兰人和爱尔兰人的3则笑话: 1.一个爱尔兰人给旅游公司打电话：“我坐飞机到伦敦将用多长时间？”办事员想看看飞机时刻表，对他说：“（请等）一分钟，先生！”“非常感谢！”爱尔兰人满意地答道并挂上了电话。 2.一个苏格兰人从英格兰回到了家。家人问道：“在伦敦怎么样？”苏格兰人答道：“还行！就是那些英格兰人很奇怪。我住在旅馆时，他们像疯子一样在我隔壁敲了一夜墙。”“那你当时干什么呢？”“我没干什么！我只是吹了一夜笛子！” 3.一个爱尔兰人前来伦敦度假，住进一家高级饭店。服务生拿起箱子，带他去房间。爱尔兰人生气地说：“看着点儿！别以为我来自爱尔兰，就让我住进这么个小房间
4、！”服务生连忙解释道：“别生气，先生！这是电梯。”,United Nations Survey,Last month, a world survey was conducted by the UN. The only question asked was: Would you please give your honest opinion about solutions to the food shortage in the rest of the world. The survey was a huge failure.In Africa they didnt know what food
5、meant. In Eastern Europe they didnt know what honest meant. In Western Europe they didnt know what shortage meant. In China they didnt know what opinion meant. In the Middle East they didnt know what solution meant. In South America they didnt know what please meant, and In the USA they didnt know w
6、hat the rest of the world meant.,Humor,Failure to understand humor is a common occurrence.,“You are also human”A compliment in America, but cause embarrassment in China.,Chapter 1: Humor as a Pathway to Intercultural Communication Competence,Humor goes beyond language.Learning how to explain humor a
7、nd how to ask questions about humor is important for intercultural communication.A two-stage process is involved in sharing humor between native and non-native speakers.,Stage 1: making new conversational rules.,There are many reasons why it is hard to explain humor. vocabulary sayings and idioms ba
8、ckground knowledge some stereotyped images,Elements that may hinder our understanding of English humor,Vocabulary “Quid” is the modern word for what was once called a shilling”.friends are called “tossers”. If you are fond of someone, you should tell him he is a “great tosser” - he will be touched.
9、Sayings and idiomsas close as an oyster 嘴很紧 polish the apple 讨人欢心; 拍马屁,Background knowledge“Were not amused.”This celebrated remark was from Queen Victoria, who was expressing her dissatisfaction toward something meant to be humorous.,Some stereotyped imagesScientists are considered nerdy and ugly.,
10、Rule for Nonnative Speakers,1.Abandon the old conversational rule：,2.Make the new conversational rule：,3.Behavior necessary to implement new conversational rule：,1.Abandon the old conversational rule：,Admitting incomprehension（不理解） and asking questions about humor is stupid.,2.Make the new conversat
11、ional rule：,asking questions about humor is acceptable and it is a sign of courage rather than incompetence（无能力）As Confucius said ,it is better to be stupid for three minutes than for an entire lifetime.,3.Behavior necessary to implement new conversational rule,Asking questions and regulating conver
12、sations in terms of idiomatic verbal and nonverbal expressions.,Cultural and personal idiomatic verbal and nonverbal expressions,Idiomatic verbal expressionsits way over my head!I didnt get it.It left me out in the cold.Whoa! That was too quick for me.,Idiomatic nonverbal expressionsA “T” gesture.Ra
13、ising the palm of the hand beginning at the middle of the forehead up over the head accompanied by a jet light sound,Idiomatic nonverbal expressions A”T” gesturesRaising the palm of the hand beginning at the middle of the forehead up over the head accompanied by a jet light sound,Rule for Native Spe
14、akers,1.Abandon the old conversational rule：,2.Make the new conversational rule：,3.Behavior necessary to implement new conversational rule：,1.Abandon the old conversational rule：,Checking whether the partner understands humor is treating him or her as an ignorant child, which is rude and inappropria
15、te,2.Make the new conversational rule：,actively checking incomprehension and encouraging questions assists intercultural understanding, which is a sign of maturity and honesty rather than impropriety,3.Behavior necessary to implement new conversational rule,Double check nonnative partners comprehens
16、ionIndicate the fact that even native speakers sometimes fail to understand the humorAffirm and encourage the necessity of asking questions,Step 2: explaining humor,“Out of the ordinary”Culture is usually imparted in a tacit way.tacit tsit adj.心照不宣的,缄默的,默示的 They have a tacit understanding.他俩心照不宣。,Co
17、mparison of syllogism and enthymeme,Syllogism Major premise(s) minor premise(s)Conclusion,Enthymeme minor premise(s),remise premis,premis,primaiz n.前提 I wonder whether the whole premise is right.我怀疑整个前提是否正确。,Concepts:,syllogism sildizm,sil.dizm n. 三段论法, 演绎推理, 诡辩A syllogism involves a three-step form
18、al reasoning process associated with formal logic. It consists of three premises.enthymemeen.mi:m n. 省略推理法, 省略三段论法Pieces of syllogism are usually missing. They are assumed to be understood. A speaker has to rely on his or her audience to provide the missing premises to reach the conclusion.,syllogis
19、m Scientist are usually nerdy and ugly. (the major premise)Samuel is a scientist. (the minor premise)Samuel is quite nerdy and ugly. (the conclusion)enthymemeMajor premise(s) missing minor premise(s) provided (humor or text)Conclusion missing,Chapter 2：Converting Enthymeme into Syllogism,You might g
20、et confused,Meat market? beef? Pork?Meet market a bar or nightclub where people can meet for social or romantic purposes,Three steps in converting:,1. Explaining the Minor Premises,2. Constructing the Missing Major Premises,3. (Not) Reaching Conclusions,Step 1 Explaining the Minor Premises,Explain t
21、he explicit messages seen in the cartoonA couple of scientists in a bar try to “meet” people,Step 2 Constructing the Missing Major Premises,Missing premise (a) the ordinary meat market behaviorMissing premise (b) the stereotypes of scientists (Scientists are often portrayed as “nerdy”, meaning awkwa
22、rd, unfashionable, boring, and socially inept),Nonnative speakers may understand: A scientific meat market is a bar where nerdy people try to seek romantic encounters and strike up conversations by showing off impressive scholarly or academic credential rater than physical attractiveness, social sta
23、tus, and wealth.,Step 2 Constructing the Missing Major Premises,Step 3 Reaching Conclusion or Not,Reached in analogous cultural contextIf not, humorous conclusions cannot be reached.a) their bars are different from the bars in Americab) the stereotypes of scientists are positive,Step 3 Reaching Conc
24、lusion or Not,Under such condition, native speakers should ask: a) where do people seek romantic encounters? (e.g. Students dancing party)b) who is the least desired in romantic encounters? (e.g. Military intelligence officers),Step 3 Reaching Conclusion or Not,Thus Reconstruct the cartoon by using
25、the partners cultural context (place the military intelligence officers at a dancing party rather than scientists in the meat market) locating analogous cultural contexts,Chapter 3：Summary,Accomplishments:,Firstly: to improve procedural competenceSecondly: to know more about our own culture, and begin to actively identify and articulate tacit cultural assumptionsThirdly: to know more about others cultures, thus to be more humble and cautious in intercultural communication,
