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1、定语,什么是定语？定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的单词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。单词作定语一般前置,句子或短语作定语则必须后置.句子作定语则叫定语从句.a blue sea a handsome boy,The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.,The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.,先行词,放置于名词之_，修饰名词的从句,关系词,连接作用,1.,2.,在从句中充当成分,后,3.,代替先行词,关系词,1.,关系代词,2.,关系副词,1.,指人,2.,指物,3.,指某一情况,t
2、hat,who,whom,whose,that,which,whose,which,as,不能放于句首,放于句中或句首,“正如”,when,where,why,(主语/宾语),(状语),定语从句的位置:1.紧跟在先行词的后面:You must do everything that I do.I have found the book which I lost.I visited the school where I studied.,2.定语从句后移/分隔式定语从句,The days are gone when people suffered a lot.,3.as引导的定语从句可前移As w
3、e all know, the earth is round.,定语从句,Join the following sentences:1. A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.A plane is can fly.,a machine,the machine,a machine,that /which,关系代词实际上是先行词的复指,that/which代指先行词machine。,Think and conclude,1.意义： 定语从句是用来修饰名词的句子. 2.写法： 找出两个简单句的共有成分； 将从句中的共
4、有成分去掉； 用关系词引导剩下的从句，并紧接在被修饰词之后,2. The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday.The girl is Mary.The girl is Mary.,we saw her yesterday,who/that we saw yesterday,关系代词实际上是先行词的复指，who/that代指先行词the girl。,I prefer the robot can play the guitar,which,the robot,The robot,b. How to make it ?,1. The car which my unc
5、le had just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.2. This is the city where I was born.定义：修饰名词或代词的从句。先行词：被定语从句修饰的词。关系词/连接词：连接主句和定语从句的连词。引导定语从句的连接词，一定要在从句中充当成分。,定语从句:,关系代词(作主语/宾语/表语):1.who/whom(that)2.which(that)3.that不能放在介词的后面4.whose=of which 或 of whom5.as关系副词(作状语) :1.where=介词+ which2.when=介词+ whic
6、h3.why=for+which,4.way的特殊用法 the way,he lives.that he lives.in which he lives.,关系词的作用:1)连接；2)代替先行词；3)在定从中作成分。,一、关系代词,1. The number of people _ lost homes reached as many as 250,000.A. who B. which C. where D. when,A,1. who,作定从的主语/宾语指人作主语时不可省略指代先行词,2. The boy _ we saw yesterday was Johns brother.A. wh
7、om B. / C. which D. when,AB,2. whom,作定从的宾语指人可省略指代先行词,3. Spielberg won a prize for a short film _ he made.A. which B. who C. / D. where,AC,3. which,作定从的主语或宾语指物作宾语可省略指代先行词,4. Its about a big shark_ attacks swimmers _ are spending their holidays in a small village.A. where B. who C. that D. which E./,4
8、. that,作定从的主语或宾语指物或人作宾语可省略指代先行词,CD,BC,5. Spielberg, _ mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946.A. who B. which C. whose D. that,C,5. whose,作定从的定语指物或人不可省略指代先行词=sbs/sths,I once lived in a house _ was broken. A. whose roof B. which roofC. of which the roof D. the roof of which,ACD,5. whosenof which
9、/whom the +n =the +n+of which/whom,她父母不想把女儿嫁给一个家境贫穷的男人。,Her parents dont want to marry their daughter to a man_ is poor.,whose family,=the family of whom,=of whom the family,the roof of the house,关系副词和定语从句,I still remember the day. .,=when,(1),(2),on the day,I came here,=on which,我仍然记得（我来到这里的）那天。,(1
10、)我仍然记得这天。 (2)在这天我来到这里。,1. Do you know the date _ Lincoln was born?A. which B. on which C. when D. where,1. when,BC,作定从的时间状语指时间,在从句中表示在.时间=in/on.+which先行词为时间名词,This is the house . last year.,=in which= where,I lived,in the house,(1),(2),就是这所（我去年住过的）房子。,(1)就是这所房子。 (2)我去年在这所房子住过。,2. The farm _ we picke
11、d cotton was 90 kilometers away.A. when B. where C. why D. on which,BD,2. where,作定从的地点状语指地点,在从句中表示在.地点=in/on.+which先行词为地点名词(situation, business, case, point, surroundings,environment,scene等为地点概念的名词),He gave a reason.,=for which =why,(1),(2),for the reason.,people like music,(1)他给了一个原因 (2)因为这个原因人们喜欢音
12、乐。,他给了一个（人们喜欢音乐的）原因。,3. I dont know the reason _ he looks unhappy.A. that B. why C. for which D. /,BC,3. why,作定从的原因状语指原因,在从句中表示因为.原因=for which先行词为reason,I disapprove the reasons _ he came up with.A. that B. why C. for which D. /,AD,因此先行词虽然为reason,但如果连接词在从句中作主语或者宾语,则只能用that/which,1.Ill never forget t
13、he days_ we worked together. 2.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together. 3.I went to the place I worked ten years ago. 4.I went to the place _ I visited ten years ago. 5.This is the reason _ he was late. 6.This is the reason _he gave us .,when,(which/that),where,(which/that),why,(that/which),几种
14、易混的情况,及物动词,及物动词,及物动词,in which,in which,for which,4.以way为先行词的定语从句问题。I dont like the way _ he talked to his mother.I dont like the way _ he chose to do it.A. that B. in which C. / D. how,ABC,AC,way方式，方法,1.连接词如果在从句中作状语时,用that或者in which且可以略。2.连接词如果在从句作主语或宾语，用that或which,关系代词的用法,关系代词在从句中可以：,何时可以省略？,何时可以省略
15、？,做宾语时可以省略,解题方法和技巧,1.首先是确定关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中作什么成分。若是作主语、宾语，则在关系代词中选择。若是作状语，则在关系副词中选择。2.其次是看先行词是人还是物；是时间、地点还是reason, way。,1. She looked at Jeff_ was waving his arms.2. The girl _ leg was broken in the earthquake was taken to hospital.3. And there she saw a wall of water _ was quickly advancing towards h
16、er.A. who B. that C. whose D. which,1、判断关系词在定从中的成分是关键；2、再看先行词。,AB,C,BD,3.whose引导定语从句，先行词既可是人也可以是物，whose在从句中作定语：whose+n =the +n.+of +which/whom. =of which/whom +the +n.Please show me the book whose cover is black.请把封面是黑色的书拿给我看看。 =Please show me the book_is blackThis is the scientist whose name is kno
17、wn all over the world. = This is the scientist_is known all over the world.,=the name of whom,of whom the name,the cover of which,=of which the cover,定语从句使用中的特殊情况,一、只能用that的情况：1. 先行词既有物又有人时。He spoke of the persons and things that he had seen abroad.2.先行词something,anything,everything，all, nothing等不定代
18、词时或被修饰时。Is there anything that I can do for you?3.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。This is the best film that I have ever seen.This is the first place that I visited last time.,定语从句使用中的特殊情况,.在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中。Who is the man that is speaking over there?.关系代词在从句中作表语时。He is no longer the boy that he was 10 ye
19、ars ago.当先行词前有all,the very,the only,the just修饰时This the very (正好，恰好)purse that you lost.,二、不用that的情况：1.介词后指代人用whom ,指物用which .不用关系词that。I heard of the man, about whom he talked.Do you like the book from which I learned much.,定语从句使用中的特殊情况,about that (X),from that (X),2. 非限制性定语从句里指代人用who, whom ,指物用whi
20、ch .不用关系词that 。Betty, who has never been abroad, is reading now.Betty, whom you met is reading now.She was late again, which made me unhappy.,that (X),1.He did all / everything _he could to help me.2.This is the very thing _ I am after.3.We talked about the men and the things _ we remembered at scho
21、ol.4.He is the only man _ can do the work.5.This is the first thing _ I want to say.6.He is the finest man _ I have ever worked with.7.Who is the man _ spoke to you at the gate.8.Which is the star _ is nearest to the earth.,that , which or who?,that,that,that,that,that,that,that,that,The teacher pra
22、ised the student. His English is the best in our class.,The teacher praised the student whose English is the best in our class.,Join the following pair of sentences.,whose =the students,关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格,the English of the students= the English of whom,The teacher praised the student ,the English
23、of whom(of whom the English) is the best in our class.,难用的 whose,The house is mine. The window of the house is broken.,Join the following pair of sentences.,The house whose window is broken is mine.,whose=the houses window,The house is mine.,the window of which is broken,of which the window is broke
24、n,=the window of the house,=the window of which,二、不用that的情况：1.介词后禁用关系词that。I heard of the man, about whom he talked.2. 非限制性定语从句。She was late again, which made me unhappy.,定语从句使用中的特殊情况,about that(X),that(X),三,介词关系代词的问题。,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she l
25、ives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are
26、these two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,介词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,介
27、词+关系代词的情况 1,The man who/whom you spoke was a scientist.The city that/which she lives is far away.,to,in,Are these two sentences right?,可见,who、that 不能用与介词之后,介词+关系代词的情况 2,The man whom you spoke was a scientist.The city which she lives is far away.,to,in,介词+关系代词的情况 3,He lives in a lonely village. At th
28、e back of it is a hill.,He lives in a lovely village, at the back of _ is a hill.,He has three sisters. All of them are abroad.,He has three sisters,all of _ are abroad.,which,whom,Join the following sentences:,介词+ 关系代词1. 由先行词的习惯搭配或根据先行词的需要The speed at which light travels is 300,000km per second.The
29、 room in which there is a blackboard is their classroom.介词可能是从句谓语的一个部分,或动词所需要的搭配Dont bring children to see the animals of which they are afraid.This is the job at which they laughed.,3.表示所有关系或整体的一部分,常用of whichChina has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.I have many friends, _ some a
30、re business.A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom Some, any, several, many, most, all, both, neither, none, half, one 等和形容词比较级,最高级之后接 of whom / which,D,The North Island is famous for an area of hot springs, some of which throw hot water high into the air.There are altogether 11 books on the
31、shelf, _ five are mine.A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from whichThere are 2 buildings, _ stands nearly 100 feet high. A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which,C,D,介词+关系代词的情况,Is this the watch that you are looking for?The old man whom I am looking afte
32、r is better .,在固定短语中介词不能提前,下面两句中的介词能提前吗?,3. 固定动词或介词短语搭配,1. Do you like the book she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book she paid $10?3. Do you like the book she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book she often talks? 5. He built a telescope he could study the skies.6. There is a tall tree outside, st
33、ands our teacher.7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _ is the Yellow River.8. The tower _ people can have a good view is on the hill.9. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at l
34、east a year.,on which,for which,from which,about which,through which,under which,of which,from which,to whom,of which,介词+关系代词的情况 练习,I still remember the day when I came here. This is the house where I lived last year. There are many reasons why people like traveling. I dont like the way that you spe
35、ak.,on the day =on which=when,in the house=in which= where,for the reasons =for which=why,in the way =that=in which,关系副词实际上是介词先行词,Fill in the blanks with “prep + whom/which” .,The teacher _ _ I learnt most was Mrs. Zhu.Whats the name of the sport _ _ you go in a boat?Mathematics is the subject _ _ I
36、 am most interested.This is the question _ _ we have had a discussion.This is the house _ _ I was born.,from whom,in which,about which,in which,in which,This is the pen _ _ I wrote the letter.Is that the girl _ _ you lent your bicycle?Here is the address _ _ you should writeThese are the things _ _
37、I spoke just now.Is that the fish _ _ you asked the waiter?,with which,to which,to which,about which,for which,The moon is a ball _ _ there are no living things.Water is very important to fish, _ _ it cant live.We love the village _ _ we work for two years.Peter,_ _ I played tennis on Sundays, was s
38、tronger than I.,on which,without,which,in which,with whom,介词关系代词的问题。1.of which/whom 结构很多时候表示“其中Class 14 has 75 students, of whom 35 students are girls.=35 students of whom are girls.2. when/why/where很多时候可转换为介词+关系代词。This is the house where I live.Everyone knows the reason why he succeeded.I remember
39、the day when I visited the temple.,in which,for which,on which,On her birthday, she received from her parents a nice present _a note was attached,_ “We love you so much”. A. that, saying B. to which, saying C. to which, said D. in which, said,Alec asked the policeman _he worked to contact him whenev
40、er there was an accident.With him B. who C. with whom D. whom,1.Ill never forget the days_ we worked together. 2.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together. 3.I went to the place I worked ten years ago. 4.I went to the place _ I visited ten years ago. 5.This is the reason _ he was late. 6.This is
41、 the reason _he gave us .,when,(which/that),where,(which/that),why,(that/which),几种易混的情况,及物动词,及物动词,及物动词,in which,in which,for which,非限制性定语从句,1。which引导的非限制性定语从句：此时无论它在从句中充当什么成分它都不能省约，也不能换为that1)和主句之间的关系不密切，只起附加说明作用：We all like the book,which was written by LuXun.2)用来代替整个先行分句的内容。这时它所引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后：Bus
42、h was elected president again,which made Jim very sad.,一.引导非限制性定语从句的连接词who/whom/ whose/ which/where/when /why/as 来引导,不能用that,二.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,1.as 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词是固定的,如：as you know/ see/planned/as we expected/understand/think/ believe也可以将它们用于被动结构中:as is known/seen/planned/expected,The earth is round.
43、_ is known to all.The earth is round,_ is known to all._ is known to all, the earth is round._ is known to all _the earth is round._ is known to all is _the earth is round.,It,which/ as,As,It,定语从句在句首时只能用as,it为形式主语,that引导主语从句,that,What,that,what引导主语从句, that引导表语从句,2.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,用于下列固定句型中,1).This is
44、 such an interesting book _ we all like.2).This is so interesting a book _ we all like.This is such an interesting book _we all like it.This is so interesting a book _we all like it.,as,that,as,that,这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句),这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢它。(结果状语从句),as,2.as 引导的非限制性定语从句,用于下列固定句型中,as,3)This is the same b
45、ag _ _ I lost yesterday.4)This is the same bag _ _ I lost yesterday.,同类异物,that,这就是家我丢的那个包包。,同物,这个包包和我丢的那个一样。,三.非限制性定语从句和单句的比较,2.He failed in the exam._ made his parents angry.3.He failed in the exam, _made his parents angry.,5.He has two sons. Both of _ are teachers. 6.He has two sons, both of _ are
46、 teachers.,This/It,which,them whom,them,that,1.I am reading Harry Porter, _is an interesting book.,which,whom,引导非限制性定语从句的连接词，一律不能省略,4.He failed in the exam;_ made his parents angry.,this/it,3.as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：1. which引导的从句只能放于逗号后面。2. as引导的从句可前可后，常用于as is said above（如上所述), as we know （我们都知道), as
47、 is well known, as is often the case（正如往常一样），as is reported, as we expect等结构中，as含有“正如，正像”之意。,四.限定性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别: 限定性定语从句用于修饰和限定先行词，与先行词之间的关系非常密切。它所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或东西。如果删去，则剩下的部分意思就会含糊不清。如： This is the man who gave me the money这就是给我钱的那个人。 上句如删去从句who gave me the money，则成了This is the man（这是那个人。）完
48、全失去了整个句子的意思，因而不能删掉, 非限定性定语从句，在意义上，它是先行词的一个附加修饰语，是对先行词的进一步说明。如果删去它，不影响整个句子的基本意思。如： Wang Dong，who is in the room，wants to ask you some questions 王东，他在房间里，想问你几个问题。 上述主句是Wang Dong wants to ask you some questions，如果删去从句（who is in the room），并不影响整个句子基本意思的表达。, 另外，在意思上，有时限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别还是较大的。如：In their class
49、，there are fifteen students who can speak English well在他们班上有十五位英语说得好的学生。（可以看出他们班学生要多于十五位） In their class，there are fifteen students， who can speak English well他们班上有十五位学生,他们英语说得很好。（可以看出他们班上共有十五名学生，他们英语口语都好。）,（限定性定语从句）,(非限定性定语从句）,插入成分,修饰限定,补充解释,能,不能,.的,能否省略,先行词为situation, case, point 时, using where,Ca
50、n you think of a situation where you can use the word?,解题方法和技巧,1.首先是确定关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中作什么成分。若是作主语、宾语，则在关系代词中选择。若是作状语，则在关系副词中选择。2.其次是看先行词是人还是物；是时间、地点还是reason,way。,1. Is this the factory _ his father visited last year?2. Is this the factory _ his father worked last year? A. which B. that C./ D. where E
