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1、,英语中长句、难句的理解,阅读中常见的普遍语言现象：,一、倒装二、省略三、插入四、短语五、 并列六、从句,一、倒装：,Never has he been rude to others. I do doubt the truth of it. Impressive as the record is, it fades next to the story of Amstrongs struggle against disease.(unit1)When they get sick, nor can they make sure that their children keep a healthy
2、diet.(unit9),常见倒装结构：,Only 放句首修饰其后的状语Sothat 结构中的so 放句首Not until 出现在句首否定词出现在句首：never, hardly, seldom, neither, nor, no sooner, not only等。副词放句首: out, in, up, down, here, there等,二、省略：,I wont go to the party even though invited to. She didnt know what made him so happy, but I knew quite well. It was taki
3、ng the first place in the competition.Nothing important. Just that Im going to lose this new job.He visited a lot of museums while in London.,三、插入：插入语和分隔结构,插入语:,In China, as in other countries, the government realises that future welfare of its citizens is closely linked to education.(unit12)This ,
4、in my opinion, is only one of the big problems. Who do you believe the teacher had take down the picture?例如do you believe/suppose/think; in fact; however; for one thing;,分隔结构:,He told us that Mr. Li, the headmaster of the university, would give us a speech on how to grow up.In 1996 Armstrong, the th
5、en No 1 cyclist in the world, was diagnosed with cancer and many thought that it meant the end of his career, maybe even his life.(unit1) The fact surprised everyone at present that Japan said the island belonged to it.,四、短语：,1、动名词短语2、现在分词短语3、不定式短语4、过去分词短语5、介词短语6、独立结构,1、动名词短语,He insists on the plan
6、being carried out.Learning a language is obviously more than just memorising words, phrases and structures. (unit8)Knowing other peoples shortcomings can help us avoid embarrassing them.(unit11),2、现在分词短语,The man standing by the windows is our teacher.Working in a team, we have to take into account h
7、ow each individual member works best.(unit11),3、不定式短语,It was not easy to decide what to take and what to leave behind.(unit6)To make the best use of working with our classmates, it is important to recognise their strengths and weakness. (unit11),4、过去分词短语,The earliest Asian cultural relic found in Af
8、rica also dates from this period.(unit2)He found 13kinds of finches, related to each other in the structure o f their beaks,tails, shape of body and colour of their feathers.(unit4),5、介词短语,We had to travel about ninety miles without water or grass for the animals to eat. (unit6)With greater control
9、and a stronger sense of achievement, active learners are able to acquire new skills faster and put what they know to better use. (unit8)With that chain on his watch Jim might be properly anxious about the time in any company.(unit 10),6、独立结构:,Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.It being Su
10、nday, rather than stay at home, I preferred to travel.,五、并列,You can learn that the oldest person is a woman who lived to be 122years and 164 days, that the longest moustache reached a length of 1.6 meters and that the longest poisonous snake is 5.71 meters long. (unit1)I feel both proud and concerne
11、d about this, proud because America is indeed a great land, and concerned because China, too, is a great land.,并列平行结构中的关联词： and, or, but, not onlybut also, bothand, eitheror, neithernor等,六、从句：,1、从句充当成分2、从句中又含从句,1、从句充当成分,主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句定语从句状语从句,主语从句,What is perhaps the most valuable is what you lea
12、rn yourself and your own culture.(unit8)How people are distributed can also affect the education system.(unit12),表语从句,However, that was not what she had in mind.(unit11)China is no longer what it used to be.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is where I disagree.,宾语从句,The Guinness
13、 company hired two Englishmen to write what later became the Guinness Book of World Records.(unit1)Group work shows us how other peoples roles fit the purpose of the group.(unit11),同位语从句,They had no idea what they were up against.A series of programmes and the development of local and nationwide hea
14、lth care networks are signs that the government is serious about health care.(unit9),定语从句,Fruit and vegetables are grown in areas where there is enough water.(unit3)The newcomers changed the way land was managed and introduced new plants and animals that were harmful to the Australian ecosystems.(un
15、it3)There are many kinds of birds in Australia, and over 140 species of snakes, many of which are extremely dangerous.(unit 3)Sports teams are made up of a certain number of players, whose common goal is to work together to win a match.(unit11),状语从句,Some Australian Aborigines still live in a similar
16、 way to their ancestors, while others live in cities, towns and the country in the same way as their fellow Australians. If I hear another word from you, you will go where it is really cold.(unit7)No matter how hard you try, working towards a career for which you are not suitable is not going to get
17、 you there.(unit11),2、从句中又含从句,Others think that we learn language in the same way we learn other things, such as walking or solving problems, and that what we are born with is a general ability to learn and adapt, not a language-specific part of the brain.(unit8),阅读中常见的特殊语言现象：,1、虚拟语气2、标点符号3、It 句子4、否
18、定句,1、虚拟语气：,Most exchange students say that they feel as if they were truly part of their host families and that they will always stay in touch. (unit8) If I had had insurance, the sickness wouldt have cause such a big problem.(unit9),2、标点符号：,Ads are found almost everywherethey are broadcast on TV an
19、d over the radio, posted on the Internet and printed in newspapers and on posters in our cities. (unit5)Some people find ads useful and entertaining; others think that they are annoying. (unit5)Passing through the desert, we came out into the Salt Lake Valley, which looked beautiful to us. (unit6),3
20、、It 句子,It was the British government that paid for all the equipment and expenses for that part of the expedition.(unit4)But it was not until after the war that he made his most important discovery.(unit9)When a fire fighter is killed, it is usually because the fire has been burning a long time, cau
21、sing a wall collapse（倒塌）while the fire is being fought.,It 表指代、强调，有时无意义，起平衡句子的作用。在句子中作形式宾语或主语或约定结构。Its said/ reported/ believed/ supposed/ announced/ thought/ told/that; Its (high) time that; Its the first/second/thirdtime that等。,4、否定句,All teachers of English are not experienced teachers.It was long
22、 since I had last seen her, and if someone had not mentioned her name I hardly think I would have recognized her. We were not the least surprised at Alfreds being dismissed. The question is not nearly so easy as you think.,二、长难句的分析步骤： 1.找出句子的主语、谓语、宾语， 即句子的主干结构。 2.找出连词和关系词，确定句与句之间的关系，确定主句。 3.分析主句和从句的
23、成分，确定句型（五种基本句型中的哪一种），识别谓语形态（时态，语态，语气）以及是否有倒装，省略，分隔，插入，独立成分，同位成分等。 4.分析主句与从句、从句与从句之间的关系。,练习：,1.Under the command of Zheng He, the fleets set sail from the South China Sea across the Indian Ocean to the mouth of the Red Sea, and then travelled further south, discovering the eastern coast of Africa.(un
24、it2)2.The wonderful gift and the contact with the black court so excited Chinas curiosity about Africa that Zheng He sent a message to the king and to other African states, inviting them to send ambassadors and open embassies in the Ming capital, Beijing.3.All that was left to be conquered was the “
25、 third pole”, the highest mountain on earth, Mount Qomolangma.,4.In area it is approximately the same size as the USA(without Alaska), which, however, has more than fourteen times as many people .(unit3)5.Showing how plants were related was a complex and strange thing before Linnaeus developed his s
26、ystem.(unit4) 6.Therefore advertising, instead of making a product more expensive, often makes it cheaper.(unit5)7.Not all ads are used to promote a product or to increase a companys profits.(unit5),8.I carried my younger son, who was only four, most of they way.(unit6) 9.Good advertisements make it
27、 possible for companies to introduce new products and increase sales.(unit5)10.If, on the other hand, we learn to analyses ads, we may be able to protect ourselves from false advertisements and make good choices.(unit5)11.If untreated, it would produce a powerful poison that would kill the patient.(
28、unit6),12.Many thousands are in want of basic needs; hundreds of thousands are in want of basic comforts. (unit7)13.Later, when the American War of Independence made it possible for England to send prisoners to North America, Australia was chosen as a new place where prisoners and criminals were sen
29、t. (unit3) 14.It was not until the World War Two that the importance of Flemings discovery was fully recognised.(unit9),15.A team is a group of individual people brought together in order to accomplish a task that cannot be efficiently or effectively completed by any member of the group alone.(unit1
30、1)16.When growing on rocks, the plant grows to a bush, having broad leaves and large flowers. However, when growing on sand, the plant grows close to the ground, having narrow leaves and small flowers. (unit4)17.However, Turessons findings show that habitat, such as soil conditions, is of equal impo
31、rtance to the output of crops.(unit4),18.Armed with facts and figures, customers are better able to deal with the often powerful arguments given by a salesman or saleswoman.(unit5)19.Down flowed the brown cascade.(unit10)20.To know someones personality type and ability is to know a great deal about
32、that person.(unit11),二、长难句的分析步骤： 1.找出句子的主语、谓语、宾语， 即句子的主干结构。 2.找出连词和关系词，确定句与句之间的关系，确定主句。 3.分析主句和从句的成分，确定句型（五种基本句型中的哪一种），识别谓语形态（时态，语态，语气）以及是否有倒装，省略，分隔，插入，独立成分，同位成分等。 4.分析主句与从句、从句与从句之间的关系。,Homework:Finish the paper,倒装：,Never has he been rude to others. I do doubt the truth of it.,Impressive as the reco
33、rd is, it fades next to the story o f Amstrongs struggle against disease.(unit1),Lying around them were chains, guns, tools, bedding, clothing, and many other articles.,When they get sick, nor can they make sure that their children keep a healthy diet.(unit9),Down flowed the brown cascade.(unit10),常
34、见倒装结构：,Only 放句首修饰其后的状语Sothat 结构中的so 放句首Not until 出现在句首否定词出现在句首：never, hardly, seldom, neither, nor, no sooner, not only等。副词放句首: out, in, up, down, here, there等,省略：,I wont go to the party even though invited to.,She didnt know what made him so happy, but I knew quite well. It was taking the first pla
35、ce in the competition.,Nothing important. Just that Im going to lose this new job.(p152),He visited a lot of museums while in London.,插入：插入语和分隔结构,插入语:,This , in my opinion, is only one of the big problems.Who do you believe the teacher had take down the picture?(p145),Do you believe/suppose/think; i
36、n fact; however; for one thing;,In China, as in other countries, the government realises that future welfare of its citizens is closely linked to education.(unit12),He told us that Mr. Li, the headmaster of the university, would give us a speech on how to grow up.,The fact surprised everyone at pres
37、ent that Japan said the island belonged to it.,In 1996 Armstrong, the then No 1 cyclist in the world, was diagnosed with cancer and many thought that it meant the end of his career, maybe even his life.(unit1),分隔结构:,短语：,1、动名词短语2、现在分词短语3、不定式短语4、过去分词短语5、介词短语6、独立结构,1、动名词短语,Watching Lin Yong and his fri
38、ends fly through the air makes you wonder whether the sport is too dangerous.,Learning a language is obviously more than just memorising words, phrases and structures. (unit8),Knowing other peoples shortcomings can help us avoid embarrassing them.(unit11),2、现在分词短语,Climbing at such high altitudes req
39、uires great skill and is not without risk.(unit 2),Having been separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals that cannot be found anywhere else in the world.,Working in a team, we have to take into account how each individual member works best.,3、不定式短语,
40、It was not easy to decide what to take and what to leave behind.(unit6),To make the best use of working with our classmates, it is important to recognise their strengths and weakness. (unit11),To know someones personality type and ability is to know a great deal about that person.(unit11),4、过去分词短语,T
41、he earliest Asian cultural relic found in Africa also dates from this period.(unit2),He found 13kinds of finches, related to each other in the structure o f their beaks,tails, shape of body and colour of their feathers.(unit4),He showed that differences between plants of one species occurred as a re
42、sult of the environmental conditions in their habitat.(unit4),5、介词短语,Under the command of Zheng He, the fleets set sail from the South China Sea across the Indian Ocean to the mouth of the Red Sea, and then travelled further south, discovering the eastern coast of Africa.(unit2),We had to travel abo
43、ut ninety miles without water or grass for the animals to eat. (unit6),With grater control and a stronger sense of achievement, active learners are able to acquire new skills faster and put what they know to better use. (unit8),With that chain on his watch Jim might be properly anxious about the tim
44、e in any company.(unit 10),6、独立结构,从句：,1、从句充当成分2、从句中又含从句,1、从句充当成分,1、并列句2、主语从句3、表语从句4、宾语从句5、同位语从句6、定语从句7、状语从句,1、并列句,You can learn that the oldest person is a woman who lived to be 122years and 164 days, that the longest moustache reached a length of 1.6 meters and that the longest poisonous snake is 5
45、.71 meters long. (unit1),2、主语从句,What is perhaps the most valuable is what you learn yourself and your own culture.(unit8),How people are distributed can also affect the education system.(unit12),3、表语从句,However, that was not what she had in mind.(unit11),4、宾语从句,The Guinness company hired two Englishm
46、en to write what later became the Guinness Book of World Records.(unit1),Group work shows us how other peoples roles fit the purpose of the group.(unit11),5、同位语从句,They had no idea what they were up against.,A series of programmes and the development of local and nationwide health care networks are s
47、igns that the government is serious about health care.(unit9),6、定语从句,The newcomers changed the way land was managed and introduced new plants and animals that were harmful to the Australian ecosystems.(unit3),There are many kinds of birds in Australia, and over 140 species of snakes, many of which a
48、re extremely dangerous.(unit 3),Fruit and vegetables are grown in areas where there is enough water.(unit3),Sports teams are made up of a certain number of players, whose common goal is to work together to win a match.(unit11),7、状语从句,Some Australian Aborigines still live in a similar way to their an
49、cestors, while others live in cities, towns and the country in the same way as their fellow Australians.,If I hear another word from you, you will go where it is really cold.(unit7),No matter how hard you try, working towards a career for which you are not suitable is not going to get you there.(uni
50、t11),2、从句中又含从句,Others think that we learn language in the same way we learn other things, such as walking or solving problems, and that what we are born with is a general ability to learn and adapt, not a language-specific part of the brain.(unit8),练习：,Under the command of Zheng He, the fleets set s
