《英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件.ppt（39页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Chapter 2,Phonetics Phonology,1. Inroduction,(1) Phonetics and phonology are very useful. With some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds. And with some phonological knowledge we can become more aware of the functions of sounds in different languages. More i
2、mportantly, phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution to “teaching” machines to “talk”.,(2) Linguistics is only interested in speech sounds. Sounds made by a human being but not used in language are not considered as speech sound, e.g. coughing, vomitting, snoring.,2. Phonetics,Pho
3、netics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language. It studies the characteristics of human sound-making, particularly the sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their transcription, description and classification.,Three branches of phonetics:(1) Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 is
4、 the study of how speech sounds are produced.(2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how speech sounds are perceived by the hearer.(3) Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 studies the transmission of speech sounds through the air.,Our primary interest will be in articulatory phonetics.,Speech organs/Articulators,T
5、he articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas:The pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 the throat;The oral cavity 口腔 the mouth. The speech organs located in this cavity are the tongue, the soft palate, the hard palate, the teeth ridge, the teeth and the lips;The nasal cavity鼻腔 th
6、e nose.,3. IPA and broad vs. narrow transcription,The international phonetic alphabetIPAsystem was devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1988 and has undergone a number of revision since then. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to
7、 represent one speech sound. The application of the phonetic symbols is universal to all languages.,Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only. Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols
8、added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.,4. Classifications of English speech sounds,Question:Analyze the important features of vowels and consonants.,(1) Classification of consonants In terms of manner of articulation, English consonant
9、s can be classified into the following types:,Stops/plosives 塞音/破裂音Fricatives 擦音Affricates 塞擦音Liquids 流音: llateral边音 rretroflex卷舌音Nasals 鼻音Glides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音,In terms of place of articulation, English consonants can be classified into the following types:,Bilabial 双唇音Labiodental 唇齿音Dental 齿音A
10、lveolar 齿龈音Palatal 腭音Velar 软腭音Glottal 喉音,(2) Classification of vowels Vowels can be classified into monophthongs单元音 and diphthongs双元音.,Monophthongs can be classified according to: A. the position of the tongue in the mouth:front vowelscentral vowelsback vowels,B. the openness of the mouth:close vowe
11、lssemi-close vowelssemi-open vowelsopen vowels,C. the shape of the lips:unrounded vowelsrounded vowelsD. the length of the vowels: long vowelstense vowel紧元音short vowelslax vowels松元音,5. Phonology,Phonology studies how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey m
12、eaning in linguistic communication.Question:How does phonology differ from phonetics?,Phone音素, phoneme音位, and allophone音位变体,A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Question:Can a phone distinguish meaning?,and, at,
13、add, lead, tell, tenHow many phones are there in the above words?How many phonemes?,A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit.,The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of
14、that phoneme. E.g., clear l and dark l are allophones of the phoneme /l/ in English; aspirated p and unaspirated p are allophones of the phoneme /p/ in English.,Phonemic contrast音位对立, complementary distribution互补分布, and minimal pair最小对立体,If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phoneme
15、s, they are said to form a phonemic contrast.Question:Do /f/ and /v/ form a phonemic contrast? How about /f/ and /k/?,If they are allophones of the same phoneme, they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution.,A minimal pair is a pair of words which differ from each other
16、 only by one sound. And the two different sounds must occur in the same position.,Questions:1. Do ran and rang form a minimal pair? How about lead and leave, why and high, bought and but, peek and keen, seed and soup?,2. What is a minimal set?Do rap, rack, ratch, ram, ran, and razz form a minimal se
17、t? How about heed, hid, head, hard, hoard, heard, hood, and hide?,6. Some rules in phonology,(1) Sequential rules 序列规则Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. What is not permissi
18、ble in English might be permissible in another language.,(2) Assimilation rule 同化规则The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “coping” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.,indiscreet The consonant following n is an alveolar stop.inconceivable The cons
19、onant following n is a velar stop.input The consonant following n is a bilabial stop.Another example is the various forms of the negative prefix in- in different words.,(3) Deletion rule 省略规则The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.,7. Supr
20、asegmental features超切分特征,The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.(1) Stress The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.,(2) ToneThe meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages
21、. (3) Intonation,Read the following tongue-twisters or ditties.,She was a thistle sifter and sifted thistles through a thistle sieveThe sixth sheikhs sixth sheeps sickI can think of six thin things and of six thick things tooAround the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran,Did you eever iver ever in yo
22、ur leaf life loafSee the deevil divil devil kiss his weef wife woaf?No, I neever niver never in my leaf life loafSaw the deevil divil devil kiss his weef wife woaf.,She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.The shells she sells are sea-shells I am sure,For if she sells sea-shells on the sea-shoreThen I am sure she sells sea-shore shells.,A flea and a fly in a flueWere imprisoned, so what could they do?Said the flea, “let us fly”Said the fly, “let us flee”So, they flew through a flaw in the flue.,
