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1、,第三讲 英汉语言的对比 词汇现象对比,引言词语的重要性,Colors fade, temples crumble, empires fall, but wise words endure. -Edward Thorndike 色彩会退去，庙宇会倒塌，帝国会衰亡，惟有充满智慧的言语会永恒。 爱德华索代克,英汉词汇现象对比,一、词的意义方面二、词的搭配能力方面三、词序方面,一、词的意义方面,1. 词义完全对等2. 词义部分对等3. 词义找不到不对等4. 一词多义,词义完全对等,The Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国The United States of Ame
2、rica 美利坚合众国The Pacific Ocean太平洋Mathematics 数学telephone电话,主要是一些已有通用译名的专用名词、术语和日常生活中的一些失误的名称。,词义部分对等,uncle 叔、伯、姑父、舅、姨父brother 兄弟、同胞、同业、社友、会友 morning 早晨、上午river 江、河marriage 娶、嫁president总统、长官、校长、主席、董事长,以上例子中英文词汇的意义均比汉语词语的意译要广。,词义找不到对等,Mascon (mass concentration)（表示月球表层下高密度的）物质聚集beddo（一种多用途的）床overkill过度杀
3、伤力plumber管道工,新词 coinage,一词多义,英语中有许多词一词多义，其所表示的各个意义，分别与汉语中几个不同的词或词组对应。多义词的具体意义，只有联系上下文才能确定。如果脱离上下文，孤立地译一个词就很难确切地表达该词的真正含义。,例：like,The two buildings are very like. 这两座楼很相像。（形容词/alike） Dont treat me like a guest. 别把我当客人。（介词） Like enough, the ship will arrive in the port tomorrow. 这条船很可能明天进港。 （副词/likely
4、）,例：like,Like knows like.（名词） 英雄识英雄。 I hope I can drive the tractor like you do.我希望开拖拉机开得像你一样好。（连词） I dont like smoking. 我不喜欢抽烟。 (动词）,例：red,a girl in red红衣少女be in the red亏本、亏损to see red发火、愤怒,A man caught red-handed in a robbery抢劫现场当场被捉的罪犯red light危险信号red meat羊肉或牛肉,例：green,He is a green hand.他是个菜鸟/新手
5、。Do you see any green in my eye.你认为我是好欺负的吗？green eye嫉妒的眼睛green old age 老当益壮,更多例子,1. mouse 普通词义：老鼠科技词义：鼠标2. base普通词义：基础；底部军事：基地化工：碱；盐基药学：主剂纺织：固色剂，媒染剂数学：底边，基线；基数建筑：垫板，脚板,译作欣赏一词多义导致的双关语翻译,【例1】 原文： A: Why is the river rich? B: Because it has two banks.,译文一：A: 为什么说河流是富裕的？B: 因为它有两个银行啊！（王治奎等译）注释：英语原文中的bank
6、一词是双关语，一是指河岸，二是指银行。译文二：A: 为什么说河水富有？B: 因为它总是向前（钱）流呀。或：因为它年年有鱼（余）呀。（马红军 译）,【例2】原文：A: What does that lawyer do after he dies?B: Lie still.,译文一：A: 那个律师死后能干什么？B: 静静地躺着。注： lie兼有“躺”和“撒谎”之意；still兼有“安静地”和“仍然”之意。可译为：仍然撒谎。（勒梅琳 等译）译文二：A: 那个律师死后还能干什么？B: 躺着说鬼话。 （马红军 译）,小幽默1,- Can you get down from an elephant?- N
7、o, you can only get down from the ducks.,down 除了有“下面，向下”的意思外，还可作名词 “绒毛、鸭绒”。,小幽默2,- Why is the stadium so cool?- Because there are so many fans.,fan: 迷；扇子,小幽默3,Marriage is an institution in which a man loses his bachelors degree and the woman gets her masters status.,bachelor: 学士；单身master: 硕士；主人,小幽默4
8、,Tom: is your mother engaged?Jim：Engaged? She has three children, you see!,engaged:订婚的，忙的be engaged to sb. 与某人订婚be engaged in sth. 忙于做某事,小幽默5,Tom: Mr. Smith married his daughter last week.Joan: Why? How can it be?Tom: Well, it was my brother Joan who married Smiths daughter.,marry：把嫁出去，娶,英汉词汇意义方面差异小
9、结,1、英语词汇所包含的意义往往颇具游移性、灵活性；现代汉语词语的涵义范围比较狭窄，词义比较精确、固定，具有较强的独立性。2、由于当代科技日新月异以及英语在国际上不可替代的地位，英语词汇容易获得新义；汉语词汇则不然。(例如mouse, base等等),二、词的搭配能力,例子：You cannot build a ship, a bridge or a house if you dont know how to make a design or how to read it.不会制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造船、架桥或盖房子。,点评,英语中一个动词build可以很协调地同它的三个宾语a ship,
10、 a bridge or a house搭配，而汉语中却没有一个共用的动词可以很地道、很通顺地同这三个宾语进行搭配。可见英语词汇的语义较宽，而汉语词汇的语义则较窄。,例：enjoy,1. enjoy free medical care2. enjoy advantages3. enjoy national protection4. enjoy mass support5. enjoy prosperity6. enjoy a special place7. enjoy a double-digit growth8. enjoy a revival,译文,1、享受公费治疗2、具备优越条件3、受到
11、国家保护4、赢得/获得/得到大众支持5、处于繁荣时期6、占有一个特殊地位7、以两位数的百分比增长8、重振雄风,例：develop,1. His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after take-off.他的飞机在起飞后只行了七英里就发生了机械故障。2. Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed.大部分钱是靠他培育土豆新品种的秘方得来的。,例：develop,3. As young John gr
12、ew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis.年轻的约翰长大成人时患上了结核病。4. By the 13th century, printing had developed further.到公元13世纪，印刷术已有了进一步的发展。,例：develop,5. We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.我们必须开发我们国家中可以让我们过上富足生活的一切自然资源。6. As early as his second film, Chaplin
13、 had developed his own manner of acting, the one that was to become world famous.早在他演第二部电影时，卓别林就已形成了他自己的表演风格，这就是他后来闻名于世的那种表演风格。,例：develop,7. In less than ten years, it develops from a seed into a full-grown tree.不到十年，它从一粒种子长成一棵枝叶繁茂的大树。8. Our holiday photos havent been developed yet. 我们假日拍的照片还没有冲印出来。
14、,例：wear; fuel up on,1. He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞满了棉花。2. Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.一些美国人越过国境线，只是为了吃点可口的墨西哥食物，喝点墨西哥啤酒。,小结,词语的使用和选择必须依赖一定的语境(context)，词语的意义因语境而产生。一个词语在具
15、体语言环境中的出现要受到搭配或者选择性约束(collocational or selectional restrictions)，所以在翻译过程中选择词语时，一定要考虑搭配约束，根据具体语境来选择最佳词义。,三、词序方面（定语、状语的位置对比）,1、中英文定语的前后位置对比2、中英文时间、地点状语的排列对比,定语的位置单词作定语,a research-oriented hospital （前置）一所以搞科研为重点的医院 （前置）governmental agencies （前置）政府机构（前置）a weather-beaten face （前置）一张饱经风霜的脸（前置）a little, ye
16、llow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar （前置）一个要饭的，身材短小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，满脸短髭（后置）something important （后置）重要的事情（前置）,定语的位置短语作定语,a candidate with little chance of success （后置）一个当选希望极小的候选人 （前置）a girl with sweet smile （后置）一个笑容甜美的女孩（前置）a country of liberty and democracy（后置）一个充满自由和民主的国度 （前置）The decimal system of co
17、unting （后置）十进制计算法 （前置）,定语位置小结,英语：修饰词中心词修饰词（重） contracting beginning, open ending （中心词）前收缩，后开放中文：修饰词中心词 Open beginning （中心词）前开放式,状语的位置单词作状语,John did not distinguish himself as a students, but he was very active in class.约翰当年并不是出色的学生，但他在班上很活跃。Our college is developing rapidly.我们学校正在迅速发展。Hes clever eno
18、ugh.他够聪明。The football match was extremely exciting.那场足球赛非常精彩。/精彩极了。,状语的位置短语作状语,With a book in his hand, the teacher walked in the classroom.老师手上拿着一本书，走进了教室。A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me in spray.一辆坐满人的吉普车疾驰而过，溅了我一身水。It rains cats and dogs.下着倾盆大雨。,状语位置小结(P25-26),1、英语中地点短语状语一般在时间状语之前，而在汉语中时间状语
19、往往在地点状语之前；2、英语中时间短语之间的排列一般都是从小到大，而在汉语中一般都是从大到小；3、英语中地点短语之间的排列一般都是从小到大，而在汉语中一般都是从大到小,思考？,对词义选择起决定作用的因素是什么？语境(context)(留待第5讲细讲),翻译比较与欣赏,原文：（You promised to tell me your history, you know, said Alice, ) Mine is a long and sad tale! said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. It is a long tail, certa
20、inly, said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouses tail, but why do you call it sad?,译文一（陈复庵 译）,“我的故事说来真是又长又伤心！”耗子转身向艾丽斯叹口气说。“你的尾巴确实很长，”艾丽斯惊奇地朝下看着耗子的尾巴说：“可是你干吗说它伤心呢？”,译文二（赵元任 译）,那老鼠对着艾丽斯叹了口气道：“唉，我的历史说来可真是又长又苦又委屈呀！”艾丽斯听了，瞧着那光滑的尾巴说：“你这尾巴是长呀！可是为什么又说它苦呢？”,译文三（马红军 译 有改动）,老鼠对着艾丽斯叹了口气道：“唉，说来话长！真叫我委屈！
21、”“尾曲？！”艾丽斯听了，惊讶地瞧着老鼠那光滑的尾巴问：“你这尾巴明明又长又直，为什么要说它曲呢？”,Exercise“poor”,1. In my poor opinion, you should let her go.2. He gets angry when he loses a game he is a poor loser.3. She was a poor sailor and always went to bed immediately on getting on the ship.4. We can never force students to leave the colle
22、ge simply because they are poor students.5. The Department of Justice was reluctant to bring poor cases into court.,参考译文,1、鄙意你当放她走。2、他输了就生气是个输不起的人。3、她晕船，所以总是一上船就上床睡觉。4、我们绝不能因为学生成绩差就勒令他们退学。5、司法部不愿意把没有把握打赢的官司带到法庭上去。,Homework,1.Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift
23、force in order to sustain the aircraft.2.Inspired by these ideas, in 1752, Franklin developed a practical lightning rod.3.In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science.4. On the wings of hope, of love, of joy, Miss Meadows sped back to the music hall, up to the aisle, up to the steps, over to the piano.,
