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1、句子成分和句子分类,预备知识点一：词类概述,一、句子成分,概述：,组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语、同位语、插入语等。主语和谓语、宾语或表语是句子的主干（通常一个句子必须有主语和谓语）。,（一）句子成分的特点和功能,1.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。2.常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词、数词和主语从句充当。, They are students. The sun rises in the east. 太阳在东方升起。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。,1. 说明主语的动作、状态和特征，一般
2、放 在主语的后面2. 常用动词或动词词组充当, We study English. He is asleep. You may go now.,1. 是动作行为的对象或承受者,放在及物动词或介词之后2. 常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词和数词充当, I like China. We study English. I play with him.,位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。, They are students. He is asleep. 他睡着了。 To see is
3、to believe.,（一）句子成分的特点和功能,修饰限定名词或代词，说明该名词或代词的状态、品质、数量等。,1. 用来修饰动词、形容词和副词等的，表示事情发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、程度、方式、比较、伴随等2. 修饰动词时，位置在该动词前后均可；修饰形容词或副词，要放在它们之前,The little boy needs a blue pen.(形容词)小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。 Two boys need two pens. （数词）两个男孩需要两支钢笔 His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。（所有格） The boy in the classroom needs a
4、pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。（介词短语） The boy sitting under the tree is Tom.坐在树下的男孩是Tom. （分词短语）, He runs quickly. 他跑地很快。 She is very beautiful. 她非常漂亮。 I will go there tomorrow. 我明天去那儿。He works in this factory.He writes better than any others.,I,me,my,you,you,your,she,her,her,he,him,his,it,it,its,we,us,
5、our,they,them,their,（二）练习,说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子中各充当什么成分,I dont like the picture on the wall. My brother hasnt done his homework.It is a great pleasure to talk with you .He broke a glass in his room last night. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.,主,谓,宾,定,主,谓,谓,谓,主,主,宾,宾,宾,状,定,主,表,状,主,二、句子的分类（按
6、结构划分）： 简单句、并列句和复合句,（一）简单句：句子里只有一套主谓结构，且各个 成分都只由单词或短语构成。简单句共有5种类型。,（二）并列句：用并列连词把两个或两个以上的 简单句连接起来的句子。并列连词有and,but,or,so,while,for,when等。,He is a student and he is the pride of his family. He likes football, but he does care who play it. He is a student while his sister is an actor. He didnt attend the
7、 meeting yesterday for he was ill. He was about to go out when the bell rang.,（三）复合句：一个句子里又包含一个或多个充当句子成分的句子。大句子叫主句，充当成分、具有附属作用的句子叫从句。,I dont know where he lives. 我不知道他住哪里。2. What I want is a book. 我所想要的是一本书。3. Youd better make a mark where you have a question.4. The boy who is sitting under the tree
8、 is Tom. 坐在树下的男孩是Tom.,状语从句,宾语从句,主语从句,定语从句,1. 及物动词：后必须跟宾语 Eg. They study English.She eats an apple every day.We raise the flag every Monday.我们每周一升旗。,2. 不及物动词：后需加介词才能跟宾语The flag rises. 旗升起来了。Please stand up. /Please come here.They listen to English every morning. 他们每天早上都听英语。,连系动词后跟表语。,助动词无特殊意义，帮助构成否定句
9、、疑问句、正在进行时态、完成时态或被动语态等,常见助动词有be, do, haveWe dont like the film. 我们不喜欢这部电影。 （用于否定句）Tom is doing his homework. 汤姆正在做作业。 （用于正在进行时态）He has finished his work. 他已经完成了工作。 （用于完成时态）,情态动词后须跟动词原形。情态动词有will, can, may, must,need等You may go now. 你可以走了。 I will be there on time. 我会准时到那儿的。,常见连系动词有：be, become/turn(变得
10、)，look(看起来)，,smell(闻起来), sound（听起来），feel（摸起来），taste（尝起来）等,Eg. She is beautiful./She is a student.His face turn red. 他的脸变红了。Your coat looks nice. 你的外套看起来很漂亮。The music sounds beautiful. 这音乐听起来很美。,be动词、助动词和情态动词变否定形式在其后直接加not.,行为动词和除be动词以外的系动词，变否定形式要在其前加dont 或doesnt。,单独使用,必须与行为动词或系动词连用构成谓语,常见连系动词,（1）“变得
11、”get,become,turn,grow,go,come,fallHe got angry when he was told the news.Her face turns red whenever she was talked about by others.Remember to keep the soup in the fridge or itll go bad.I believe your dream will come true one day.Mary fell ill with the heavy load of hard work. 注意：change不是连系动词,（2）“保
12、持”keep,remain,stayEveryone in the class ought to keep quiet.After the disaster, the building remained safe and sound.He always stays calm in the discussion.注意：keep解释为“保存”，stay解释 为“逗留”时不是系动词,(3)“起来”sound,look,smell,taste,feelYour dress looks beautiful.Dont feel sad before failure.The cake tastes good
13、.,(4)be,seem,pretend,appear,turn outWe are students.Mum seems to be unhappy.John pretended to be reading a book just now.What he said turned out to be true.,行为动词 1. They study English. 2. She eats an apple every day. 3. The flag rises. 4. They listen to English every morning. 系动词 5. She is beautiful
14、. 6. Your coat looks nice. 7. The music sounds beautiful. 助动词 8. Tom is doing his homework. 9. He has finished his work. 情态动词 10. You may go now. 11. I will be there on time.,将下列句子变成否定句。,提示：1. 行为动词和除be动词以外的系动词，变否定形式要在其前加dont 或doesnt。2. be动词、助动词和情态动词变否定形式在其后直接加not.,(studydont study),(eatsdoesnt eat),
15、(risesdoesnt rise),(listen todont listen to),(isisnt),(looksdoesnt look),(soundsdoesnt sound),(is doingis not doing),(has finishedhas not finished),(may gomay not go),(will bewill not be),行为动词 1. They study English. 2. She eats an apple every day. 3. The flag rises. 4. They listen to English every m
16、orning. 系动词 5. She is beautiful. 6. Your coat looks nice. 7. The music sounds beautiful. 助动词 8. Tom is doing his homework. 9. He has finished his work. 情态动词 10. You may go now. 11. I will be there on time.,将下列句子变成一般疑问句,提示：1. 行为动词和除be动词以外的系动词，变一般疑问句直接在句首加do或does或did。2. be动词、助动词和情态动词变一般疑问句，直接将这些词提前。.,
17、Do they study English?,Does she eat an apple every day?,Does the flag rise?,Do they listen to English every morning?,Is she beautiful?,Does your coat look nice?,Does the music sound beautiful?,Is Tom doing his homework?,Has he finished his work?,May you go now?,Will you be there on time?,练习：对下列句子划线部
18、分提问。,提示：陈述句变特殊疑问句方法： 1. 对主语进行提问，直接用相应疑问词代替主语，其它都照写。2. 对非主语部分进行提问，用相应疑问词代词该部分，并将其放在句首，然后将剩下的部分变成一般疑问句。,Who goes to see his grandparents on Sundays?,Who(m) does Tom go to see on Sundays?,When does Tom go to see his grandparents?,练习：将上四个例句变成否定陈述句。,二、句子的分类 （按用途划分）： 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句,（一）陈述句：用来陈述一件事情，说明一个事实
19、，表述说话 人的看法、和态度的句子。常用结构：主语+谓语+其它。 句末通常是句号。 Eg. 1. Tom can speak good English. 汤姆英语说的很好。 2. He is a student. 他是一个学生。3. I like football. 我喜欢足球。 4. Tom gets up early every day. 汤姆每天都起得很早。,1. Tom can not speak good English.,2. He is not a student.,3. I dont like football.,4. Tom doesnt get up early every
20、 day.,（二）疑问句：用来提出问题。分为以下四类：,1. 句首是be动词、助动词do或have(包括did/does,has/had)或情态动词， 句末是问号。2. 用yes 和no进行回答。,Are you Students?你们是学生吗？Do you like football?你喜欢足球吗？Can you speak English?你能说英语吗？Have you fininshed your work?你已经完成工作了吗？,1. 句首是疑问代词或疑问副词，句末是问号。直接对疑问代词或疑问副词进行回答2. 常用结构：疑问词（在句中不充当主语）+一般疑问句；疑问词（在句中充当主语）+谓
21、语+其它+？,What do you like? 你喜欢什么？Where is Tom? Tom在哪里？How can I help you? 我怎样才能帮你？Who likes football?谁喜欢足球？,跟在陈述句后，对它所说的事实提出疑问。用Yes或no进行回答。,He is a student, isnt he?他是一个学生，不是吗？He doesnt like football, does he?他不喜欢足球，是吗？,以or连接提问的两个部分，以供选择。,Is he a student or a worker? 他是学生还是工人？,将这四个一般疑问句变成陈述句：,You are
22、students.,2. You like football.,3. You can speak English.,4. You have finished your work.,陈述句变一般疑问句方法：1. 行为动词和除be动词以外的系动词，变一般疑问句直接在句首加do或does或did。2. be动词、助动词和情态动词变一般疑问句，直接将这些词提前。,（三）祈使句：用来表示命令或请求，说话的对象是第二人称you, 但常常被省略 。常用动词原形开头。否定祈使句在句首加dont,Eg. Sit down, please! 请坐下！ Give me a piece of paper! 给我一张纸
23、！ Dont waste your time! 不要浪费你的时间! Lets go! 我们走吧！,补充考点： 祈使句的反义疑问句 1. 肯定祈使句，反义疑问部分用will you或wont you Give me a piece of paper, will you? (或wont you?)2. 否定祈使句，反义疑问部分只用will you? Dont waste your time, will you?,（eg. 1. How beautiful she is!）,eg.2. What a clever boy he is! eg.3. What clever students they are! eg.4 What bad news it is!,1.How +,2. What +,形容词/副词,+主语,+谓语动词,+其它,名词或名词词组,+主语,+谓语动词,+其它,（四）感叹句：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈情感的句子。 常用what或how（表多么）引导，句末用“！”。,可数名词单数、复数名词或不可数名词,感叹句练习：,用what或how 填空,How,What,What,What,What,What,How,What,GoodBye,
