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1、Exploration and Conquest of the Americas,Reasons for Exploration: Gold,Spice trade controlled by Italians & Ottoman TurksSlave trade controlled by North African Muslims,Copyright 2000, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning,Reasons for Exploration: God,The Reconquista ended with the fall of Granada in Jan. 1492
2、Conquest & conversion of Indians seen as extensionHoped to join forces with mythical Kingdom of Prester John & renew Crusades,Queen Isabella,Reasons for Exploration: Glory & technological advances,Desire to win fame & fortuneInspired in part by Renaissance humanismTechnological advances:Compass, ast
3、rolabe & quadrantBetter portaline mapsCaravel 1st ship capable of tacking against the wind,Portuguese caravel,The Portuguese Explorers,Est. sugar colonies in Madeira (1420), Azores (1427), Cape Verde Islands (1460) & Sa Tom (1470)Bartholomew Diaz rounded Cape of Good Hope in 1488Vasco da Gama led su
4、ccessful expedition to India, 1497-99Rejected Columbus because they knew his calculations were way off under-estimated circumference,Vasco da Gama Church,Christopher Columbus,Columbus sailed west in Aug. 1492 reached Bahamas on Oct. 12Explored Cuba & Hispaniola, then returned to Portugal March 4, 14
5、93Made 3 more voyagesDied convinced he had been to Asia 4 times,The Spanish Explorers,Christopher Columbus sailed west in Aug. 1492, exploring CaribbeanTreaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided world between Spain (west) & Portugal (east)Amerigo Vespucci first to call it a new continentFrancisco Cabral c
6、laimed Brazil for Portugal in 1500Vasco Nuez de Balboa crossed Panama in 1513 & sees Pacific,The Conquistadores,Adelantados private contractors hired by KingHernan Cortes conquered Mexican Empire (Aztecs), 1519-21Young minor noblemanLed revolt by subject tribes who resented tribute & human sacrifice
7、sFrancisco Pizzaro conquered Inca, 1531-32Took advantage of civil warSpread smallpox deliberately,Hernan Cortes,Francisco Pizzaro,The Spanish Empire,Viceroys ruled New Spain & Peru on Kings behalfEach divided into provincesGovernors & audencias (courts) ruled provincesHaciendas = large plantations g
8、rowing cash crops (sugar, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, etc.)Mines were principle source of wealth for Spain16 million kg. entered Spain between 1503-1650Crown kept 1/5 (quinto)Flowed primarily to Spanish Netherlands,Slave Labor,Encomienda = grant of Indian labor to mine & hacienda ownersRepartimiento = requirement that Indians work so many days for SpanishModeled on feudalism, but no protection for workersWhen Indians died off, replaced by Africans,
