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1、a,1,Part 1 Special Terms for Pharmacology,a,2,Pharmacology 药理学,Pharmaco- 药学, 药物 Pharmaco-pathology pharmaco-genomics pharmacodynamics f:m,kudainmiks . PD 复 n.用作单药效学pharmacokinetics ,f:mku,kainetiks PK 药物(代谢)动力学 absorption distribution metabolism metblizm excretion ekskri:n ,a,3,transmembrane transpo
2、rt 跨膜转运,Cell membrane membrein 细胞膜cytomembrane cytolemma （cyto- =cecullar）Lj:Ion channels are pore-forming proteins found in the membranes of cells. 离子通道是在细胞膜中发现的生孔蛋白。Active transportPassive transport,a,4,toxicity tksisiti 毒性,Tox toxin toxicAcute toxicityChronic toxicity1. 急性和迟发性毒性作用仍然显著。Acute and l
3、ate toxicities remained significant.2. 毒性试验已经证明了非常低的毒性。Toxicity tests have demonstrated a very low toxicity.,a,5,Adren(o)- 肾上腺,adrenaline drenlin . 肾上腺素 adrenalin,noradrenaline ,n:rdrenlin . n. 药去甲肾上腺素,Adrenoceptor 肾上腺素能受体 agonist antagonist ntgnist blockeradrenocortical ,dri:nuk:tikl 肾上腺皮质的 of or d
4、erived from the cortex of the adrenal glands,a catecholamine ,ktiklmi:n (儿茶酚胺)secreted by the adrenal medulla(肾上腺髓质) in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin),a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine ,epinefrin that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses(突触),a,6,Adverse
5、reaction (unwanted /undesired),Side effectAfter effectAllergy ldi 过敏反应ToxicityAddiction（morphine）Lj:An allergy is an adverse reaction of the body to certain substances. 过敏是身体对某些物质的不良反应。,a,7,alkylating agent 烷化剂,chemotherapy ,kemuerpi 化学疗法1959 Cyclophosphamide ,saiklufsfmaid (环磷酰胺), an alkylating age
6、nt designed to improve the selectiity of cancer drugs, approved by FDA.1959年,FDA批准烷化剂环磷酰胺为抗癌药,使抗癌药物有了更多的选择.,a,8,aminoglycoside 氨基糖苷类,amino minu a. 氨基的 glycoside glaik,said glucoside glu:k,said 糖苷 【Precautions】The product has a synergistic （ sindistik 协同的）effect with aminoglycoside. Hypersensitivitie
7、s such as diarrhea, skin rash will occasionally appear, however these signs will disappeared once the drug are stopped.1、本品与氨基糖甙类药物协同；2、有时可引起腹泻、皮疹等过敏症状，停药即消失。,a,9,Analgesics 镇痛药 止痛药,analgesic ,nldi:zik . a. 止痛的n. 镇痛剂 a medicine used to relieve pain 同义词painkiller | pain pill1. Ive taken a lot of anal
8、gesics. But they are not so effective. 我吃了不少镇痛药。但是效果不怎么好。 2. Aspirin is a mild analgesic. 阿司匹林是药性平和的止痛药. 3. Actions &Uses Its an antipyretic &analgesic agent(解热镇痛药). pyretic pairetik a. 热的,热病的, 快克胶囊为复方制剂。,a,10,Sex hormone,Female: estrogen estrdn n. 雌激素（estr- 雌） progestogen 孕激素 Male: androgen 雄激素 （an
9、dro-雄） testosterone teststrun 睾酮 A hormone imbalance, especially too much of the male hormone androgen, can also result in thinning hair.激素分泌不平衡，尤其是雄性激素分泌过多也会导致头发稀疏。 Physiological functions of testosterone, estrogen and progestogen.睾酮、雌激素及孕激素的生理作用。,a,11,angiotensin 血管紧缩素、血管紧张素、血 管紧张肽、升压素,angio- . .
10、表“脉管”angiotensinangiotensinase 血管紧张肽酶 The mechanism by which they block the rennin-angiotensin system is different.这种药物阻断肾素血管紧张素系统的机制不同于其他药物。,a,12,（AP ）angina pectoris : 心绞痛,Stable angina/ exertional angina /intrastable anginaAntianginal drug Consequently, stand or fall of patient angina symptom.因而，
11、病人心绞痛症状时好时坏。Angina pectoris: It is acid that the banana has a kind of natural making to a healthy function of easing pain.心绞痛：香蕉对身体有一种天然的制酸性，有镇痛作用。,a,13,Antiarrythmic drug,arrhythmia 心律不齐arrhythmic 无节律的arrhythmicity 无节律性 Amiodarone is a very potent anti-arrhythmic drug, which is successfully used in
12、 the treatment of atrial fibrillation and lifethreatening ventricular arrhythmias. ventricular ventrikjul a. 室的,心室的胺碘酮是一种非常有效的抗心律失常药物，已经成功用于房颤和致命性的室性心律失常的治疗。,a,14,Antiasthmatic drug,asthma sm . . n. 哮喘 asthmatic a. 哮喘的,患哮喘症Lj:Im having a heart/asthmatic/panic attack.我的心脏病/气喘/恐慌症犯了。,a,15,Antiatherosc
13、lerosic drug,atherosclerosis rusklirusis AS. n. 动脉硬化 形容词atherosclerotic atheroma . . n. 动脉内壁的脂肪沉滞 atherosis . . 动脉粥样化 sclerosis sklirusis . n. 硬化(症)This coronary shows severe atherosclerosis with extensive calcification.可见重度的动脉粥样硬化伴随大片的钙化。 There is a lot of fat here, suggesting one risk factor for a
14、therosclerosis.大量脂肪是动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。,a,16,antibiotics,biotic baitik .a. 生命的(生物的)How do microbes beat antibiotics? 微生物如何战胜抗生素？I am allergic to antibiotics.,a,17,Organism Microorganism /microbe antibiotics bacterium antibacterial drug virus antiviral drug fungus antifungal drug parasite antiparasit drug,a
15、,18,Anticholinergic drug 抗胆碱能药,choline kuli:n 胆碱cholinergic ,kulin:dik . . 类胆碱(功)能的cholinomimetic ,klinmimetik drug esterase estreis n. 生化酯酶cholinesterase ,klinestreis . . 胆碱脂酶An enzyme found chiefly at nerve terminals that inactivates acetylcholine（ ,si:tlkulin 乙酰胆碱）by hydrolyzing（水解 ） it to form a
16、cetic acid and choline.一种由胆碱衍生而来的神经传递素，由位于体细胞和副交感神经系统的神经纤维末端释放出来。,a,19,Anticoagulant 抗凝剂,coagulant kgjlnt 促凝血剂 coagulase kgjleis 肝素( Heparin sodium )血栓 thrombosis rmbusis anticoagulant therapy 抗凝剂疗法 . All alcohol is an anticoagulant and red wine also contains antioxidants, so drinking a small amount
17、 daily can be beneficial.酒精是一种抗凝剂，红葡萄酒还是种抗氧化剂，所有每天饮入少量是有益健康的。,a,20,Antidiarrheal,antidiabetic drug 抗糖尿病药antidiarrheal 止泻药antidiarrheic 止泻药A simple pair of mild diarrhea alone could eat Apple antidiarrheal. 对单纯性的轻度腹泻，单吃苹果可止泻。,a,21,antiepileptic drug .,epileptic ,epileptik 癫痫的,癫痫患者a drug used to treat
18、 or prevent convulsions (as in epilepsy) 同义词： anticonvulsant | anticonvulsant drug Levetiracetam (Lev) is a novel orally active antiepileptic drug, structurally unrelated to other antiepileptics and with an entirely unique preclinical profile.摘要左乙拉西坦是一种新型的口服抗癫痫药物，与其他抗癫痫药物的结构不同，具有全新的抗癫痫机制。,a,22,antig
19、out .抗痛风剂,Gout n.痛风;urate jreit . n. 化尿酸盐 a salt of uric acidGout is a form of arthritis（ :raitis 关节炎） 痛风是关节炎的一种。The old man is suffering from Gout.那位老人正受着痛风病的折磨.,a,23,antihistamines,Anti- hist-(tissue) amine(胺类)A：Most antihistamines list drowsiness as a common side effect, though newer medicines ha
20、ve been developed with non-drowsy formulas. Be sure to read the label instructions carefully.大多数抗组织胺剂会把昏沉列入副作用，但有一些新药已经发展出不会昏沈的药方。一定要仔细读标签上的说明。,a,24,Hyper- and hypo-,Hyper-hyper- haip(r) 表示“超级, 超过, 超越,在.之上,高于,过度”之义Hypertension hyperlipemia ,haip(:)lipi:mi 适用人群：高血糖伴高血脂、高血粘人群。Applicable people: high b
21、lood glucose with high blood fattiness, high blood dope hypo- haip . . 表示“在.之下,亚,次,次于,不足,从属于”之义hypothermia 体温过低 hypotension 低血压,a,25,Antiinflammatory agent,inflammatory inflmtri a. 炎性的, 发炎的 =to get infectedThere is a minimal inflammatory reaction.此处炎症反应轻。 SLE is a chronic, systemic inflammatory dise
22、ase.SLE是一种慢性、全身性的发炎疾病。,a,26,Blood,components serum sirm plasma plzm red blood corpuscule k:pskju:l white blood corpuscule platelet pleitlit n. 血小板,a,27,Antilymphocyte globulin,lympho- limf (=lymph-) 表示“淋巴的,淋巴管的”之义-cyte or cyt(o)- =cell globulin glbjulin . 球蛋白 albumin lbju:min 白蛋白,a,28,Antineoplastic
23、 agent (=anti-cancer drug=antitumorigenic agent ) 抗癌剂,neoplasm ni(:)uplzm . . n. 瘤,赘生物 形容词neoplastic =tumorThe most common neoplasm in bone is a metastasis.大多数骨肿瘤都是转移瘤。,a,29,Antitussive drug,tussive tsiv a. 咳嗽的tussis咳嗽Nonproductive coughs need an antitussive to stop the coughing.无痰干咳需用镇咳药止咳，以避免并发症。,
24、a,30,Bacterio- 表示“细菌 ”,bacterin 疫苗 bacterination bacteriocidal 杀菌的 -cide-, -cid-, -cidal-, -cise- (杀；切) bacteriostatic 抑菌的 static 静止的Bacteriostatic Used to describe a compound that prevents reproduction of bacteria, but does not kill them.抑菌的：一种可以阻止细菌复制但又不会令细菌致死的化合物。,a,31,Bio- 表示生命、生物”之义,Bioavailabi
25、lityBiochemical antagosimBiogenic aminebiotransformtion,a,32,calcium,calc- klk . 前缀表示“钙”之义calcium klsim . n. 钙 专有符号缩写Ca Calcium antagonistCalcium channel blocking agenthypercalcemia ,haip,klsi:mi hypocalcemia ,haipuklsi:mi ,a,33,cardiac,cardiac k:dik . n. 强心剂a. 心脏(病)的 Cardiac muscle cardiac arrest C
26、ardiac glycoside glaik,said Cardiac insufficiency (disfunction) Cardiac output cardiac asthmacardio- k:di .表示“心脏”之义,a,34,catechol,catechin ktitin, -kin 儿茶酚,儿茶酸,儿茶素catechol ktitul 儿茶酚, 苯磷二酚catecholamine ,ktiklmi:n .n. 儿茶酚胺 Anxiety, depression, and tried will influence your bodys stress hormones (e.g.
27、 catecholamine and glucocorticoids) and suppress your immune status.焦虑、紧张都会影响身体的压力荷尔蒙（例如，儿茶酚安和糖皮质激素）从而压抑身体免疫功能。,a,35,cephalosporins,cephalosporin ,seflusp:rin n. 药头孢菌素one of several broad spectrum antibiotic substances obtained from fungi and related to penicillin (trade names Mefoxin)同义词： mefoxin m
28、efksin Most of the strain were resistant to penicilin and ampicillin while was sensitive to cephalosporin antibiotic.多数菌株对青霉素及氨苄青霉素耐药，而头孢菌素对各种细菌的敏感性较好。,a,36,Chronopharmacology,chrono- krn,krn 前缀(=chron-), 表示“时间”之义ChronotoxicityChronopathology,a,37,Congestive heart failure(CHF) 充血性心力衰竭,congestive knd
29、estiv a. 充血的The myocarditis may be severe enough to cause congestive heart failure. (myo- mai 表示“肌肉”之义;Card- 心;-itis 炎，发炎)严重的心肌炎可能导致充血性心力衰竭。congestive cardiomyopathy ,k:dimaipi ,a,38,contraceptive ,kntrseptiv . a. 避孕的n. 避孕药,避孕用具,This problem of moving leads from the lab to human studies affects all
30、types of contraceptive research. 从实验室到人类研究的跨越是影响所有避孕药研究的一大难题。The first known contraceptive was crocodile dung, used by Egyptians in 2000 B.C.最早的避孕药是鳄鱼的粪便，公元前2000年埃及人使用过。,a,39,Coronary vasodilator,coronary krnri .a. 冠状的Coronary arteryvaso- vs,vz . 表示“血管, 输精管”之义 异体字vas- dilator daileit . 扩张器vasodilato
31、r ,vsudaileit, ,veiz- We try to give vasodilator first， at the beginning， such as nitroprusside ( ,naitrprusaid 硝普盐)or calcium channel blockers like verapamil. 我们首先给予血管扩张药物，例如硝普钠或钙离子拮抗剂如维拉帕米,a,40,Cortic(o)-, k:tik . 前缀 表示“皮”之义cortical k:tikl a. 皮层的, 皮质的cortex 皮层 corticotrophin ,k:tikutrufin . 促肾上腺皮质
32、激素corticosteroid ,ktikustirid n. & adj皮质甾类(的),皮质类固醇(的)a (steroid stirid 类固醇/甾体类 )hormone produced by the adrenal cortex or synthesized,a,41,cyclophosphamide ,saiklufsfmaid ,n. 药环磷酰胺,癌得星Cyclo- 环、圆phosph- fsf . . (=phospho-) 表示“磷的, 含磷的”之义amide maid n. 酰胺,a,42,Cyclosporine A,Spore 孢子cyclosporine ,saikl
33、usp :ri:n 环孢霉素Organ transplants did not become routine until the 1980s with the approval of a new drug, cyclosporine, which prevented rejection without destroying the bodys resistance to infection.器官移植直到二十世纪八十年代随着一种新药环胞霉素的发明才普遍使用，这种药物不会破坏身体的免疫系统又能防止排异。,a,43,cytochrome,chrom- krm 表示“颜色, 有色的”之义oxidase
34、 ksideis n. 生化氧化酶Cytochrome P450 oxidasecytokin,a,44,Di- de- 分离 剥夺 uro- 尿 urinate jurineit . v. 小便diuretic ,daijuretik .n.&a. 利尿剂diuretin 利尿素 Caffeine has a mild diuretic effect, increasing your urine production.它有轻微的利尿作用，会增加你的尿液分秘。Its a diuretic, so it makes you pee more often and become dehydrated
35、 more easily.咖啡因还是一种利尿剂，让你排尿更频繁，更容易脱水。,a,45,afferent frnt .a. 输入的efferent efrnt . a. 传出的A(e)fferent nerve (neuron) system,a,46,Electrocardiogram (ECG),electro-前缀表示“电,电子的,用电”之义Cardio-GramFor healthy patients over age 40, I like to get a electrocardiogram (ECG) every 2-5 years, and more often if they
36、are older or have existing or new risk factors for coronary artery disease.对于超过四十岁的健康者，我建议他们每二到五年做一次心电图检查，到年龄更大，或罹患冠状动脉疾病，或出现危险因素时增大检查频率,a,47,enzyme,enzyme enzaim n. 酶Enzyme induction(inhibition)-ase酶 Cytochrome P450 enzyme system shown to actiate many carcinogens.(carcinoma ,k:sinum n. 癌)细胞色素P450酶系
37、统可以激活多种癌基因.,a,48,fibr- faibr 表示“纤维”之义fibrin faibrin n. 纤维素fibrin(o)- . 纤维蛋白-lysin 溶素（酶）（俗名词尾） fibrinolysin-gen 产生，原 =to produce fibrinogen faibrindn n. 纤维蛋白原fibrinokinase ,faibrinkaineis ,a,49,ganglionic gglinik a. 解神经节的ganglionic blocking drug.神经节阻断药,a,50,Glucocorticoid,Gluc(o)- .glyco- (葡)糖glucose
38、 glu:kus n. 葡萄糖glucoprotein glu:kupruti:nn. 生化醣蛋白corticoid k:tikid n. (=corticosteroid)皮质类脂醇Glucocorticoidhypoglycemia ,haipuglaisi:mi -emia 血（症）,a,51,Hepa-/ hepat- /hepato- 肝,hepatic hiptik a. 肝的n. 保肝药hepat- hept(=hepato-)表示“肝”之义Heparin hepatocyteHepatic microsomal enzyme.intestine intestin . 肠ente
39、ral.1. 肠的，肠内的 entero- 肠 . Hepatoenteral circulation,a,52,idiosyncrasy,idio- idi 表示“独特的,个人的”之义idiosyncrasy ,idisikrsi . n. 特质,a,53,anesthesia,anesthesia ,nisi:zi .n. 麻醉loss of bodily sensation with or without loss of consciousnessLocal or general anesthesiaWhat type of anesthesia will be used? Induct
40、ion,inhalant or infiltration?,a,54,Extra- (外)and intra-（内）,extracellular and intracellularIntra-arterial :tiril intraperitoneal ,intr,peritni:l i.p.intravenous ,intrvi:ns . i.v.Intravenous anesthetics,a,55,Lipid/aqueous eikwis partition coefficientThey identified the lipid/water partition coefficien
41、t as a suitable measure of the CMC.他们将脂水分配系数作为测定CMC的一个标准。,a,56,micro-(微)and macro- mkru 大,Macrophagephage feid n. 噬菌体phago-.食，吞噬 macrophagocyte,a,57,Ren- /nephr(o)- 肾,renal ri:nl . a. 肾脏的renal cell carcinoma renal tubule. renal cortex renal insufficiency nephrosis nefrusis . nephrology nefrldi nephr
42、otoxicity,a,58,Prostaglandin PG,Pro- 在之前prostaglandin ,prstglndin n. 前列腺素Prostaglandin is the dilation of blood vessels and inhibit platelet function.前列腺素具有扩张血管和抑制血小板作用。,a,59,Treatment,Therapy/remedyetiological treatment 病因疗法symptomatic ,simptmtik treatmentsymptomatic psychosis 症状性精神病,a,60,a,61,Alco
43、hol Retrosynthetic Analysis,a,62,a,63,a,64,a,65,a,66,a,67,a,68,实例分析13：羧酸的逆合成分析,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,D-A反应是形成六元环的重要方法,a,69,实例分析14： 羧酸衍生物的逆合成分析,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,70,实例分析15：烷烃的拟合成分析,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,对于烷烃的合成，尝试增加双键是个不错的选择，需要把握分支点,a,71,实例分析： 1，3-位氧化了的碳架b-羟基羰基化合物a，b-
44、不饱和羰基化合物b-二羰基化合物,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,72,实例分析18： 1，3-位氧化了的碳架b-羟基羰基化合物,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,1，2-氧化了的碳架切断得到不合逻辑的片段,a,73,实例分析19： 1，3-位氧化了的碳架a，b-不饱和羰基化合物,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,无a-氢的醛,具有a-氢的羰基酸,以上主要利用Aldol反应和Aldol缩合,a,74,实例分析： 1，3-位氧化了的碳架b-二羰基化合物利用酯缩合、酮酯缩合、 b-二羰基化合物的烷基化反应等,
45、逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,该路线更优,a,75,实例分析： 1，3-位氧化了的碳架b-二羰基化合物利用酯缩合、酮酯缩合、 b-二羰基化合物的烷基化反应等,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,芳基卤代物进行亲核取代反应需要特殊的条件,a,76,实例分析： 1，3-位氧化了的碳架b-二羰基化合物利用酯缩合、酮酯缩合、 b-二羰基化合物的烷基化反应等,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,77,实例分析： 1，3-位氧化了的碳架,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a-氢活性更高,合成
46、中需要控制，使用Reformatsky反应是合适的,a,78,实例分析： 1，3-位氧化了的碳架TM24的商品生产按以下合成路线进行：,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,扩瞳剂,a,79,实例分析：1，5-位氧化了的碳架,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,选择 a 或 b 视具体目标物的结构特点而定，有时这种选择是容易的。,a,80,实例分析：1，5-位氧化了的碳架,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,TM25和TM26共同的特征是结构中具有合适的活化基团，有助于切断点的选择,a,81,实例分析：1，5-位氧化了
47、的碳架在适当的时候可以考虑引入活化基团,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,82,实例分析：1，5-位氧化了的碳架有时可以使用Mannich反应,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,83,实例分析：1，2-位氧化了的碳架,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,安息香缩合是首选反应,从烯烃出发是合适的途径还有酮的双分子还原偶联,氰根离子对羰基化合物的加成,a,84,实例分析：1，4-位氧化了的碳架,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,B 片段是一个极性反转的酮，常使用a-卤代酮 并且常使
48、用烯胺作为 A 片段的替代物,a,85,实例分析29：1，4-位氧化了的碳架,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,但是在碱性条件下，酮和a-卤代酮会发生Darzens反应，产物将是a，b-环氧酯,a,86,实例分析29：1，4-位氧化了的碳架TM29的实际合成路线如下：,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,87,实例分析：1，6-位氧化了的碳架可以转化为环己烯类化合物进行逆合成设计,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,88,实例分析32：茉莉酮,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,89,实例分析32：茉莉酮,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,实际生产的合成路线,a,90,实例分析33：,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,91,实例分析34：,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,92,实例分析35和36：巧妙运用重排,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,93,实例分析37：,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,a,94,实例分析38：,逆合成分析（Retrosynthetic Analysis）,
