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1、Chapter 2,MANAGEMENTYESTERDAYAND TODAY, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-1,You should learn to:Summarize the contributions of the scientific management 科学管理advocatesDescribe the contributions of the general administrative theorists一般行政管理Summarize the quantitative approach定量方法 to managementDescribe the contribu
2、tions of the early organizational behavior组织行为 advocatesExplain the importance of the Hawthorne Studies to management,Learning Objectives, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-2,Development Of Major Management Theories,HistoricalBackground,ScientificManagement,GeneralAdministrativeTheorists,QuantitativeApproach,Ma
3、nagement Theories,IndustrialRevolution,Adam Smith（division of labor),Early Advocates,Hawthorne Studies,OrganizationalBehavior, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-3,Early Examplesof Management,Historical Background Of Management,Organizations Have Existed for Thousands of Yearstestifies to the existence of early
4、management practiceability to create the Pyramids, Great Wall of ChinaSignificant Pre-Twentieth-Century EventsWealth of Nations - Adam Smithdivision of labor - breakdown of jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks increased productivityIndustrial Revolution substitution of machine power for human power
5、large organizations required formal management, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-4,古典管理理论,科学管理理论这是由美国人（Frederick W. Taylor）泰罗及其追随者所创立，标志是1911年出版的科学管理原理，泰罗被誉为“科学管理之父”。,Scientific Management,F.W. Taylor - Principles of Scientific Managementuse of scientific methods to define the “one best way” for a job to be do
6、neperspective of improving the productivity and efficiency of manual workersapplied the scientific method to shop floor jobs Frank and Lillian Gilbretuse of motion pictures to study hand-and-body movementsclassification system for 17 basic hand motions, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-6,TAYLORS FOUR PRINCIPLE
7、S OF MANAGEMENT, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-7,一般管理理论General Administrative Theorists,法国人（HenriFayol）法约尔创立的，标志就是1916年出版的工业管理与一般管理一书。 一般管理理论的主要内容： 1. 企业经营的六项活动，即技术活动、商业活动、财务活动、安全活动、会计活动和管理活动。 2. 管理的五大职能，即计划、组织、指挥、协调、和控制。 3. 管理的十四条原则，即劳动分工、权利与责任、纪律、统一指挥、统一领导、个人利益服从整体利益、合理的报酬、适当的集权和分权、等级链、秩序、公平、保持人员稳定、首创精神、团
8、结精神。 4. 法约尔的一般管理理论的主要贡献是：以整个企业为研究对象，认识到管理的活动的普遍性，提出了管理的职能和原则。区分了经营与管理，奠定了组织管理理论的基础，至今仍具有指导意义。,FAYOLS 14 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-9,行政组织理论,这是由德国人（MaxWeber）韦伯创立的，标志就是1947年出版的社会与经济组织理论韦伯认为等级、权威和行政制是一切社会组织的基础。权威可分为三类：一是理性-合法权；二是传统权；三是个人崇拜权。只有理性-合法权才能作为行政组织体系的基础,WEBERS IDEAL BUREAU
9、CRACY, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-11,Quantitative Approach To Management,(Management Science) The quantitative approach, is the use of quantitative techniques to improve decision making, and it evolved out of the development of mathematical and statistical solutions to military problems during World War
10、II. After the war, many quantitative techniques that had been used for military problems were applied to the business sector. The quantitative approach has contributed most directly to management decision making in planning and control., Prentice Hall, 2002,2-12,Toward Understanding Organizational B
11、ehavior,Organizational Behaviorstudy of the actions of people at workearly advocateslate 1800s and early 1900s believed that people were the most important asset of the organizationemployee selectionemployee motivation, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-13,EARLY ADVOCATES OF OB, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-14,Hawthor
12、ne Studiesstarted in 1924 at Western Electric Companybegan with illumination studiesintensity of illumination not related to productivityElton Mayo - studies of job designrevealed the importance of social norms as determinants of individual work behaviorchanged the dominant view that employees were
13、no different from any other machines,Organizational Behavior (cont.), Prentice Hall, 2002,2-15,1工人是社会人而不是经济人。以前的管理把人假设为经济人，认为金钱是刺激积极性的唯一动力；霍桑实验证明人是社会人，是复杂的人际关系中的成员。因此要调动人的积极性，还必须从社会、心理等方面努力。 2生产效率的提高，主要取决于职工的工作态度，以及和周围人的关系。以前的管理认为生产效率主要受工作方法和工作条件的制约，霍桑实验证明工作效率主要取决于工作的积极性、取决于职工的家庭及社会、生活和组织中的人与人之间的关系。
14、因此提高生产率的主要途径是提高职工的满足度。 3组织中存在着“非正式的组织”。以前的管理只注意组织的机构、职权化分、规章制度等，霍桑实验发现除了正式团体之外，还存在着非正式团体，这种无形的组织有它特殊的感情和倾向，左右成员的行为，对生产率的提高有着重要的影响。因此，管理者要充分认识到非正式组织的作用。,Current Trends And Issues,Globalizationall organizations are faced with the opportunities and challenges of operating in a global marketno longer co
15、nstrained by national borders Workforce Diversityheterogeneous workforce in terms of gender, race, and ageworkforce is getting olderAsians and Hispanics are an increasingly large percentage of workforce, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-17,Current Trends And Issues (cont.),Need for Innovation and FlexibilityQu
16、ality ManagementTotal Quality Management (TQM) - philosophy of management based on continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectationscustomer - refers to internal and external entities that interact with the organizations product or service, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-18,WHAT IS TQM?
17、, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-19,Current Trends And Issues (cont.),Learning Organizations and Knowledge Managementlearning organization - one that has developed the capacity to continuously learn, adapt, and changecreate learning capabilities throughout the organizationunderstanding that knowledge is an i
18、mportant resource判断一个组织是否是学习型的组织，有以下四条基本标准：（1）人们能不能不断检验自己的经验；（2）人们有没有生产知识；（3）大家能否分享组织中的知识；（4）组织中的学习是否和组织的目标息息相关。, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-20,Current Trends And Issues (cont.),Workplace Spirituality“a recognition of an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community”growing interest in spirituality at work by workers at all levels and in all areas of organizationsemployees looking for meaning, purpose, and a sense of community from their work and their workplace, Prentice Hall, 2002,2-21,
