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1、英汉翻译 HY,第十七讲 汉译英技巧(3)谓语的选择,英汉翻译 HY,一、英汉谓语的比较,英汉翻译 HY,英语谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语充当,系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。英语谓语形态稳定,受语法规范约束,需与主语保持一致关系。英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个,多数句子只有一个谓语动词,其他动作概念以非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形式出现。,汉语谓语成分复杂,除了动词短评外,还可以是形容词短语、名词短语甚至主谓短语。汉语主谓关系不如英语密切,没有英文中一致关系,且存在大量的非主谓句。汉语谓语常以连动式谓语的形式出现,成为多个并列谓语,中间可能有逗号或没有逗号。,英汉翻译 H
2、Y,二、单个谓语的翻译,如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑,则需要改变主语或谓语。1、这件事告诉我们,他为人不诚实。- This incident showed that he was dishonest. 根据主语,这里的“告诉”用“show”比较合适。2、农村改革中的好多东西,都是基层创造出来的。Many of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots. 从逻辑上分析,原文主语实际上是创造对象,创造的主体是“人”,因此译文变更了谓语动词,使主语和谓语构成符合逻辑的搭配,并增补people 一词。当
3、然,此句也能译成被动句:Many of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots.,英汉翻译 HY,世纪之交,中国外交空前活跃。Chinas diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. (*)-The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.分析:前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。后种译法以“时间”为主语,以“find”为谓语,是比较典型的 “无灵主语句
4、”。,英汉翻译 HY,二、根据动宾搭配确定谓语,动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式,汉译英时,如果原文的动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑,而原文的宾语又不宜变动,我们就需要重新选择谓语。秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国“统一六国” 不能译成“unify the other six states,” 因为unify只能和 the/a country (统一整个国家)构成符合英语逻辑的动宾搭配。故应重新选择谓语。Qin Shihuan, the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, conquered the other six states in 221 BC.,英汉翻
5、译 HY,热腾腾的晚餐已摆好在桌上。Hot meals were served on the dinner table.如译成: hot meals were put on the dinner table 就显得过于呆板。而serve和meals联用最符合英语的动宾搭配习惯。,英汉翻译 HY,三、根据谓状搭配确定谓语,有时英汉谓状搭配习惯的不同,也可能影响谓语的选择我们要在几个五年计划的时间内认真取得处理处理这个问题的经验。不能译成:we shall seriously gain experience in因为英语中没有seriously gain这种搭配。We shall make ser
6、ious efforts to gain experience in handling this problem within the space of several five-year plans.,英汉翻译 HY,四、根据英语表达习惯灵活翻译谓语,冬天如果你怕冷的话,可能到昆明。不能译成“fear, be afraid of”。If you dislike the cold in winter, you can visit Kunming in south China.花坛北面有一株腊梅花,南端是一丛南天竹。A winter plum stood on the northern end
7、of the terrace, and a nandina erected on the southern end. 译文运用“化静为动”的手法,将原文中“有”、“是”等静态动词翻译成stand和 erect等动态动词,使译文更加生动活泼。,英汉翻译 HY,五、连动式谓语的翻译,汉语连动式谓语就是两个或两个以上谓语动词共用一个主语的结构,其特点是许多动词连用,组成几个句段或小句。现代翻译家林同济先生曾提出汉语的“动词优势说”,他认为: “偏重动词着眼,运用大量的动词集结,根据时间顺序,一一予以安排,甚至尽量省略关系词以达到动词集中、动词突出的效果这就是汉语造句手法的基本倾向。”,英汉翻译 HY
8、,连动式谓语是一种复杂谓语,它的复杂性体现在这些动词的关系之中,既有并列关系,也有隐含的其他关系(包括条件、方式、承接、因果、假设、目的等)。翻译时,要分析几个连动谓语之间的关系,分清主次关系和并列关系,将主要动词译成谓语,次要动词视不同情况,译成各种从属结构。另外,汉语连动谓语通常按动作发生的先后顺序排列,但译成英语时,则可依照英语习惯进行调整。,英汉翻译 HY,他咳着从祖父的房间里慢慢走出来。(家)原文中的“咳着”显然是表示状态的次要动词,因而在译文中转换成分词短语,这种译文句子就主次分明,层次感很好。Coughing, he strolled out of the room of Gra
9、ndpa.,英汉翻译 HY,妻在屋里拍着闰儿,迷迷糊糊哼着眠歌。(荷塘月色)显然,“拍着闰儿”是主要动词,而”哼着眠歌”是次要成分,故可译成伴随状态的分词短语。In the room, my wife was patting the son, Run-er, sleepily humming a cradle song.,英汉翻译 HY,王夫人提了暖壶下席来。(红楼梦)Lady Wang rose from her seat, with the wine pot in her hand. 可见,汉语中的非主要谓语动词也可译成介词短语。,英汉翻译 HY,双方见面 寒暄几句,甚至海阔天空地聊一番就
10、各自走开(1996年英语专八试题)四个动词连用。 “双方见面”是表示时间关系的从属成分,在译文中译成时间状语,“寒暄几句” 和“聊一番”则是并列关系,可译成两个并列谓语。When two strangers are introduced to each other, they will greet each other briefly, or even chat casually for quite a few minutes, and then excuse themselves.,英汉翻译 HY,愚公批驳了智叟的错误思想,毫不动摇每天挖山不止。(愚公移山)原文中的两个动词之间是时间先后关系
11、,译文可通过完成现在分词短语来表示这种关系。Having criticized the wrong views of the Wise Old Man, they kept digging every day with unshakable determination.,英汉翻译 HY,我悄悄地披上了大衫,带上门出去了。分析:三个并列谓语,也是时间先后关系。在翻译时可将“出去”作为主要动词,其他两个动词可处理成分词短语。Shrugging on an overcoat, I made my way out, closing the door behind me.-分析:很好地体现了英语多从属结
12、构、少用并列谓语的特点。,英汉翻译 HY,海洋覆盖了地球表面的71%,是全球生命支持系统的一个基本组成部分。The ocean, which covers 71 percent of the earths surface, is a basic component of the global bio-support system.分析:可见,我们也可把汉语句子中的非主要谓语译成从句的形式。,英汉翻译 HY,后来,青蛇精在深山中修炼,习武多年,终于砸烂了那座塔,救出白蛇精。(白蛇传)For many year afterwards, the Blue Snake Spirit hid in de
13、ep mountains and trained herself in martial arts and various supernatural powers. Eventually, she rescued the White Snake Spirit by smashing the tower.原文如果译成一个句子,译文就显得冗长和拖沓,不够精练,根据原文的意群,将原文在中间断开,译成两个句子。,英汉翻译 HY,Class-work I,试译下列句子:1、社会心理学告诉我们2、此路不准车辆通行。3、我们将采用国际贸易中的国际惯例。4、细雨淅沥,秋风瑟瑟。5、这一证书课程将在三年内学完。,
14、英汉翻译 HY,参考答案,试译下列句子:1、社会心理学告诉我们Social psychology teaches us that2、此路不准车辆通行。The road is closed to vehicular traffic.3、我们将采用国际贸易中的国际惯例。We will follow common international trade practices.,英汉翻译 HY,4、细雨淅沥,秋风瑟瑟。-It was drizzling on a windy autumn day.5、这一证书课程将在三年内学完。-This certificate course of studies wi
15、ll spread over three years.,英汉翻译 HY,Class-work II,试译下列连动句:1、你最好打个电话跟他约个时间见面谈谈。2、一到星期天,他就蒙头大睡打发光阴。3、我们听到这个喜讯,都高兴地跳了起来。4、看门人惊呆了,喘着粗气摇摇晃晃地走下楼梯。5、他已经请了假,坐火车回老家探亲去了。6、他说完拔剑准备刺虎。,英汉翻译 HY,参考答案,1、你最好打个电话跟他约个时间见面谈谈。Youd better fix an appointment with him over the phone to meet for a talk.2、一到星期天,他就蒙头大睡打发光阴。O
16、n Sundays he always whiles away his time by tucking himself up in bed, sleeping like a log.3、我们听到这个喜讯,都高兴地跳了起来。Hearing the good news, we all jumped with joy.,英汉翻译 HY,4、看门人惊呆了,喘着粗气摇摇晃晃地走下楼梯。The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned and gasping.5、他已经请了假,坐火车回老家探亲去了。He asked for leave to go home by train to see his family.6、他说完拔剑准备刺虎。Having said this, he drew his sword, getting ready to stab the tiger.,英汉翻译 HY,Thank You for Your Attention,