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1、大学英语四级考试,翻译题型,新改革后翻译题型:段落翻译（汉译英）,测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力。 分值比例：15% 考试时间：30分钟。 内容：中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展 长度：140-160个汉字；,大学英语四级考试新题型评分标准,样卷,PartIVTranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.Youshouldwriteyour answeronAnswerSheet2.,样题,剪纸（papercu
2、tting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（theMingandQingDynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。,答案,Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history
3、of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the
4、 joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.,汉译英解题方法,1. 阅读原文，理解原文，获得总体印象。2. 处理原文句子，正确断句，合句，找准主谓。理解原文中的语言现象和逻辑关系，注意汉英两种语
5、言的不同表达习惯，综合翻译技巧进行翻译。3.修改，对译文修正、加工、润饰。第一步：对照原文一句一句修改，看原文内容、思想是否准确表达出来；有无漏译、错译、曲解的地方；译文语言是否通顺。 第二步：脱离原文， 反复阅读后进行修改。看上下文有无不连接的地方，前后有无矛盾、重复的地方，有无逻辑不通的地方。,汉语 VS 英语 不同表达习惯,一、英语重结构，汉语重语义 二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 三、英语多从句，汉语多分句 四、主语，宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词” 五、英语多被动，汉语多主动 六、英语多变化，汉语多重复 七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体 八、英语多名词表达，汉语多动词表达,一 英语重形
6、合，汉语重意合,形合主要靠语言本身语法手段。意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。因此英语结构紧凑严密；汉语结构简介明快。英语句子好比一串珍珠，汉语句子好比一盘珠子。,英语句子主干结构突出，即主谓机制突出，名词，尤其是抽象名词用的多，介词也用的多，英语表达复杂思想时，往往开门见山，然后借助英语特有次汇关系代词，进行空间搭架，把各个句子有机结合起来，构成一串葡萄似的句子。主干可能很短，上面却结着累累果实。,The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compou
7、nded搀和 by the paucity 缺乏of the information media. 全句共有九个名词（抽象名词加具体名词），用五个介词连接起来。,由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。,The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.Because there is a great
8、 distance and there are not enough transport facilties, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.,二 英语句子名词与介词占优势,英语句子中，主要采用主谓机制。由于英语句子中的谓语动词受形态变化的约束，句子中只能有一个谓语动词，它是英语句子的轴心和核心，然后要借用名词来表达。而名词与名词之间的联系确要通过介词来串通，所以英语中名词与介词占优势。理解和掌握
9、英语，只要抓住谓语动词就抓住了句子的灵魂。但是句子句子的扩展，准确意义的表达，往往是通过介词来实现的。,Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meatmarkets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.卡莱尔大街往西伸展，越过一座黑色大桥，爬下山岗又爬上去，经过许多小铺和肉市，又经过一些平房，然后突然朝着
10、一大片绿色草地中止了。,Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.（八个名词，六个介词或连词） 农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的困境。,三 汉语句子中，动词占优势,汉语动词没有什么形态变化，使用方便，且重于动态描写，所以汉语动词用的多。汉语在表达一些较复杂的思想时往往借助动词，按时间顺
11、序，逻辑顺序，逐步交代，层层铺开，句子结构像一根竹子一样，一节一节地接下去。,晴雯先接出来，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天，快来給我写完了这些墨才算呢！” 流水句（分句之间，似断还连，全句主要靠意合）表面看像“形散”，但从全句来看却“神聚”，句子意义十分清楚。 Qingwen greeted him with a smile,exclaimingA fine one you are !On the spur of the moment you made me grind the ink for you this morning.But you t
12、hrew down your brush and went away after having written merely three characters.Youve kept me waiting the whole day.You are to use up this ink now.Be quick!,英汉结构差异,连接方式：汉语隐形，即连接词很少出现或不出现，这体现为意合(parataxis);英语显性，即连接词出现，体现为形合(hypotaxis)组句方式：汉语：动词多，短句多，常按时间顺序或前因后果的逻辑关系排列，呈链状；英语：常按句内主次从属关系排列，在句子主体上添加修饰语以
13、及限定语，形成严谨的树状结构。,1. 正确判断句子之间的关系，补充连接手段，实现显性连接。e.g. 在这一年半中，她抄写、背写英语单词的纸，累起来可达桌子高。思路：SVO=纸+达到+桌子高。问题：累起来怎么处理？In that year and a half, the paper（ on which she had copied English words or written them down from memory）, if stacked up, could reach the table from the floor.,结构差异带来的启示,2. 掌握内在联系正确断句，确定主要动词。我
14、们的班主任姓王，五十开外，方脸，一脸的胡子。Mr. Wang, the head teacher who is responsible for our class, was over fifty with a square-shaped face and a full beard.,结构差异带来的启示,3. 正确安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合原意。原文：大家都记得1979年秋天，当这个总共只念过八年书、连英文字母也认不全，而且已有三个孩子的女工，竟然报名上电大英语班时，招来了多少惊讶的目光。They remember how many astonished looks were cast a
15、t her in the autumn of 1979, when this woman worker (who has only 8 years schooling, little acquaintance with the English alphabet and three children to look after), actually enrolled in the English class (which was offered by the local TV university).,结构差异带来的启示,汉译英的基本技巧,一、翻译的基本方法：直译意译,直译：保持原文内容、又保持
16、原文形式，基本保留原有句子结构，不是死译。意译：只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式，更多考虑英语的特点。如： 我们的朋友遍天下。Our friends are all over the world. (直译)We have friends all over the world.（意译）,直译与意译相互关联，互为补充，两种译法可以并用,二、 汉译英的基本技巧,1. 增词为了充分传达原文含义，必须增补词语，以求达意.北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万里长城、故宫、颐和园等。 Beijing is a political and cultural center that offers some
17、 scenic attractions: the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace etc.,1. 我不觉得用英语与外国人交谈有什么困难。 I dont think it difficult to speak to a foreigner in English.2. 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes on lag behind.,Practice Please.,2. 减词:,汉语喜欢重复，英语崇尚简洁。汉语的重复作为一种修
18、辞手段有两种作用。一是为了强调，重复表达一个意思，或增添修饰语，加强语气。二是为了便于词语搭配，或平衡节奏，增加可读性。这些在汉语里习以为常的重复词语或句式，到了英语里要么不合逻辑，要么累赘冗长。所以翻译时都要有所删减省略。这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天！让我们张开双臂，热烈拥抱这个春天吧！Let us stretch out our arms to embrace the spring, which is one of the revolution, of the people, and of science.,见到自己的故乡，他想起了童年的情景。The sight of h
19、is native place called back his childhood. 他连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。He has been speaking in French for two hours without any mistakes. 长嗟短叹 sighing deeply 发号施令 issue orders 土崩瓦解 fall apart 两面三刀 two-faced tactics,Practice Please.,情景,没有出现,省名词,(省动词),3. 词类转换,词类变形和转换，是英语语言的一个很重要的特点，尤其是名词、动词、形容词这三种最主要的词类。eg.
20、他的演讲给我们的印象很深。His speech impressed us deeply.(名词变动词)eg. 你说他傻不傻？Dont you think he is an idiot? (形容词变名词),4. 语态转换,在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态。在英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉语。如果一味按照汉语原句的语态来翻译，会使译文显得十分别扭。这个小男孩在放学回家的路上受了伤 。The little boy was hurt on his way home from school.门锁好了。The door has been locked up.新教材在印刷中。New textb
21、ooks are being printed.,5. 分译 & 合译(按内容层次分译),分译： 需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰竭时，要做学问也来不及了。Youth will soon be gone， never to return. And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.她隔窗望去，突然发现
22、有只小船停泊在河边，船里有位船夫睡得正香。Looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast asleep.,(按内容层次分译),(从主语变换处分译),合译：相较于汉语而言，英语长句多，因此在翻译中，要把汉语的两个或多个句子合译为英语的一句，使译文紧凑、简练。对我来说，我的水族箱就像我自己的一个小王国。我就是里面的国王。To me my aquarium is like my own little kingdom where I am
23、 king.第二天，我又接到一个电报。这个电报有34个字，比前一个电报说得更详细。The following day I received another telegram consisting of 34 ciphers, giving more details.,从主语变换处合译,按内容连贯合译,6. 正、反表达翻译,I.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达他提出的论据相当不充实。The argument he put forward is pretty thin. 他七十岁了，可是并不显老。He was 70, but he carried his years lightly.II.汉语从正面
24、表达，译文从反面表达她来得正是时候。She couldnt have come at a better time.对于汉译英，你越细心越好。You can never be too careful about Chinese-English translation.,7.变序,从译文的行文上考虑，有时需要对原文的词序作一番调整，以适应英文的修辞习惯，或者为了避免因结构而产生的歧义。例：到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。Unique local creations are available in Xian, such as the three colored glazed pottery of t
25、he Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figures.(“兵马俑”和“唐三彩”在译文中变换了位置，是为了避免”of the Tang Dynasty”在结构上产生歧义。),练习 1,中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来， 中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。,key 1,China will develop its economy further
26、and open itself wider to the outside world, which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since Chinas reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have scored great achievement. Overseas enterp
27、rises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation. Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.,练习 2,狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之
28、首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。,Key 2,The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China. The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition
29、, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck. Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introd
30、uced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.,练习 3,假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发
31、展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。,假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese peoples consumption concept is und
32、ertaking great changes. According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development. At the same time,Chinese peoples concept of consumption is becoming mature in the process of prosperous development of holid
33、ay economy.Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy peoples demand for improving quality of life/ an improved quality of life.satisfy ones demand for n./doing,练习 4,端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人
34、屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,who给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。,Key 4,The Duanwu Festival, which is also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loya
35、l and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuans body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces (where there are many rivers and lakes).,
