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1、Transformation between Parts of Speech,“It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society.” (Lenin)这是不可能的，生活于社会而独立于社会。生活于社会而独立于社会是不可能的。生于社会，不能脱离社会。 transformation of adjective into verb,Transformation,Definition: By transformation，we mean that in translation a word in one language be
2、longing to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. (Eugene A.Nida language, Culture and Translating)Aim: aimed at seeking equivalence and achieving the maximal expressiveness,Necessity for Transformation,Classification of Part
3、s of Speech,Sameness nouns; verbs; modifiers as adjectives or adverbs; forewords as prepositions and conjunctions; Differences articles（冠词），relative pronouns（关系代词），relative adverbs（关系副词），participles（分词），gerunds (动名词）and infinitives（不定式） dont exist in Chinese.,Transformation,Transformation of English
4、 Nounsof English Verbsof English Adjectives of English Adverbs of English Prepositions of English Conjunctions,Nominalization in English and Verbalization in Chinese,Transformation of Nouns,1）English nouns derived from verbs，of frequent appearance in political writing and news, are usually translate
5、d into verbs.An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation. 读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。Vietnameses War is a drain on American resources.越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。,1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the
6、basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exist.,2）Some English nouns, which possess the property of verbs, we often transform the nouns to verbs in Chinese. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机,听见隆隆
7、的机声,令我特别神往。A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。,3）Some nouns derived from verbs by adding such suffixes as “er” or “or” do not really indicate identity or some certain profession, but imply much
8、more than the meaning of a verb.Seagulls are good flyers. 海鸥很善于飞行。Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.在和儿子谈话时,老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。他这个人最爱说话了。He is a great talker.,4）English nouns transformed into Chinese adjectives Independent thinking is an absolute nec
9、essity in study. 独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。“of + abstract noun”, indicating characteristics or qualities of things，often transformed into the corresponding Chinese “be + adjective” construction.But it is of small importance.不过这也无关紧要。of little/no/some/ great importance/ significance/ difference/value/wisdom每小时、每
10、分钟、每一秒对我们都很宝贵。Each hour, each minute, each second is of great value for us .,5）English nouns transformed into Chinese adverbsThe new Mayer earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民,获得了他们的一些好感。When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his ins
11、tinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。,Transformation of English Verbs,1) There are a great many verbs derived from nouns, which more often than not, are transformed to nouns.To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来,他就是绝对权威的化身 。 Such materials are
12、 characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.这些材料的特点是:绝缘性好,耐磨性强。,2) English verbs transformed into Chinese adverbsHe is full of vigor, but fails in carefulness.他劲头十足，但不够仔细。Dont believe what he is saying, he always indulges in self-glorification. 别信他说的，他总是大肆自吹自擂。,Transformation of Ad
13、jectives,1) English adjectives transformed into Chinese adverbs.A successful scientist must be a good observer.一个成功的科学家一定善于观察。He has a good knowledge of internal combustion engines.他对内燃机非常熟悉。,2) English adjectives transformed into Chinese verbs He is indiscriminate in reading.他读书时不加选择。They were news
14、-hungry.他们迫切地想弄到消息。他简直受不了这样的折磨，一种什么也不像而非常难过的折磨。(老舍：骆驼祥子）The strain was unlike anything he had ever known, and quite unberarable.,Adjectives expressing a persons emotions are more expressive when translated into verbs in Chinese. They are not content with their present achievements.他们不满足于自己现有的成就。The
15、author is grateful to his readers for valuable suggestion. 作者感谢读者提出的宝贵意见。,3)English adjectives transformed into Chinese nouns Steven was eloquent and elegantbut soft.斯蒂芬森有口才有风度，但很软弱！This problem is no less important than that one.这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。the +adj, refers to a type of personThey did their bes
16、t to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。,Transformation of adverbs,1） English adverbs transformed into Chinese adjectivesHe routinely radioed another agent on the ground.他与另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联络。Hopefully, it will be done early next month.下月初完成这项工作是很有希望的。,2). English adverbs Transformed into
17、 Chinese nouns 1. It is editorially said that社论说2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally.他体力很强，可智力很弱。,3)English adverbs transformed into Chinese verbsShe opened the window to let the fresh air in.她把窗户打开，让新鲜空气进来。It has rained over.雨停了。袭人拉了宝玉进去。（红楼梦第十九回）Xiren led Baoyu in.,Transformation of Prepo
18、sitions,English is in some sense called “prepositional language” for its absolutely complete structure(G.H.Vall )Chinese pays more attention to coherence，naturalness，smoothness and consciousness of the language itself.,1) English prepositions transformed into Chinese verbsHe came to my house for hel
19、p.他来我家请求帮助。“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过阳台，进了门廊。,2) English preposition, mainly involving scope or degree, transformed into Chinese adjectives or adverbsThe news about the assassination o
20、f the president quickly spread throughout the world.暗杀总统的消息很快传遍全世界。远远地起了拍掌声和欢笑声。（巴金家）In the distance there was applause and laughter.,3) English prepositions transformed into Chinese conjunctionsFor all your explanations, I understand no better than before. 尽管你做了解释，但我还是不懂。With all its disadvantages
21、this design is considered to be one of the best.尽管这个设计有种种缺点,仍被认为是最佳设计之一。,Transformation of Conjunctions,1) transform English conjunctions into Chinese prepositions Inside pressure rises when temperature rises. 内部的压力随着气温的升高而升高。,2) English conjunctions are transformed into nothingShe had a balance at
22、her bankers, which would have made her beloved anywhere.她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎。When the air moves, it is called wind.空气流动产生风 。,Practice,He had the kindness to show me the way. ( n.adv).他好意地给我指路。I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries. (n.adj.) 我认识到，通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。3. 他们怀疑这
23、是否是真的。(vadj.) They are doubtful whether it is true or not. 4. 我打开窗子，让新鲜空气进来。(v.adv.)I opened the window to let the fresh air in. 5.你拨错了电话号码。(adv.adj.)You dialed the wrong number.,6. 小王常常工作到深夜，希望能赶上计算机技术的最新发展。( v.prep.) Xiao Wang often worked until very late at night in the hope of keeping pace with the latest developments in computer technology.,
