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1、英汉词汇互译的方法,对等译法具体译法抽象译法增词译法省词译法,合词译法转性译法换形译法褒贬译法,一、对等译法,单词：汉英语言中单词对等程度要高一些 1)television（名词）电视2)electricity（名词）电3)wheat（名词）小麦4)坐（动词）sit5)小（形容词）small6)和（连接词）and,成语：7)cut in a joke插科打诨8)speak ones mind畅所欲言9)be after ones own heart称心如意10)at ones finger-tips了如指掌11)fish in troubled waters混水摸鱼12)thousands u
2、pon thousands of成千上万13)in deep water水深火热14)turn up ones nose at嗤之以鼻15)skin and bones皮包骨头16)touch and go一触即发17)from the cradle to the grave一生一世18)hit the nail on the head一语道破,19)充耳不闻turn a deaf ear to20)出人头地be head and shoulders above others21)吹毛求疵pick a hole in sbs coat22)破釜沉舟burn ones boat23)大惊小怪ma
3、ke a fuss about24)大海捞针look for a needle in a bundle of hay25)颠倒黑白talk black into white26)得意忘形have ones nose in the air27)攀龙附凤worship the rising sun28)大发雷霆hit the ceiling;fly into a rage29)骑虎难下hold a wolf by the ears30)视而不见turn a blind eye to,成语的对等是从三个方面体现出来的，一个是比喻意义，一个是比喻形式，再一个是感情色彩。三者中比喻意义是最重要的，当三者
4、发生矛盾时，我们得优先保留比喻意义。感情色彩的对等同比喻意义的对等几乎同样重要。如果感情色彩不对等，这条成语就肯定不能用。至于比喻形式，能对等则应尽量对等，实在对等不了，就应当机立断，大胆放弃。,谚语：31)Look before you leap.三思而后行。32)Make hay while the sun shines.趁热打铁。33)There is no smoke without fire.无风不起浪。34)Ill news travels fast.恶事传千里。35)Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。36)欲速则不达。More haste,less spee
5、d.37)出门一里，不如家里。East and west,home is best.38)拉入篮里就是菜。All is fish that comes to the net.39)皇天不负苦心人。Everything comes to him who waits.40)小巫见大巫。The moon is not seen when the sun shines.,英译汉句子翻译实例：41)I took the news with a grain of salt.我对这个消息半信半疑。42)Unless youve got an ace up your sleeve,we are dished.
6、除非你有锦囊妙计，否则，我们是输定了。43)He went through fire and flood to save his mother.他赴汤蹈火去救他的母亲。44)You have a lucky star above you.你真是福星高照。45)She is now between the devil and the deep sea on this matter.她在这个问题上真是进退维谷。,46)He is reaping what he has sown.他这是咎由自取。47)She is an easy-going woman.She always throws her
7、cares to the winds.她是个大大咧咧的女人，总是把忧愁抛至九霄云外。48)That fellow is always fair without but foul within.那个家伙总是口蜜腹剑。49)That little girl has a ready tongue.那个小姑娘真是伶牙俐齿的。50)The light-fingered gentry frequented these shops.梁上君子经常光顾这些商店。,汉译英句子翻译实例：51)这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。The economic situation in these countries is on
8、the downgrade.52)为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。In order to throw dust into the eye of the public,they decked themselves out as revolutionaries.53)扪心自问，他不得不承认自己是错了。By searching his heart he could not but admit that he was in the wrong.54)他们个个摩拳擦掌，士气很高，准备再打一个漂亮仗。Every one of them rolled up his sleeves for battle
9、,high in morale and ready to win another brilliant victory.55)我们必须全力以赴，拿下这场球。We must do our level best to win this game.,56)照当时情况，他除了忍气吞声又能怎么办呢？As things stood,what else could he do but swallow the insult?57)侵略者已经走投无路。The invaders had come to the end of their tether.58)我讨厌游手好闲的人。I dislike the people
10、 eating the bread of idleness.59)你为什么要引狼入室？Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep?60)他是信口开河，他对经济一窍不通。He is shooting off his mouth.He does not know the first thing of economy.,二、具体译法,Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我好欺骗吗？（#a green hand）We Zanzibar would like to build a coloured society where al
11、l men can have equal opportunity.我们桑给巴尔人愿意建立一个机会均等而肤色人种不同的社会。The battlefield became something holy.It was not touched.这个战场几乎已成为一个圣地了，它仍然保持着当年的旧观。The Great Wall is a must for most foreign visitors to Beijing.对于大多数去北京的外国游客，万里长城是必不可少的游览项目。,（一）单词、词组和成语英译汉时具体译法的译例：1)transportation 运输运输工具2)advertisement 广
12、告广告资料3)propaganda 宣传宣传机关4)translation 翻译翻译作品5)government 政府政府官员6)family 家庭家庭成员7)class 班级全班学生8)committee 委员会委员会成员9)press 出版出版物；报纸；杂志；出版社10)retirement 退休退休处；幽静地方；偏僻地方,11)very timid非常胆小胆小如鼠12)very strong 非常强壮壮得像头牛13)keep quiet不吱声噤若寒蝉14)do evil things openly 毫不隐蔽地干坏事明火执仗15)be full of anxiety and worry 十
13、分挂念，放不下心牵肠挂肚16)a great and thorough-going change 巨大而彻底的变化翻天覆地的变化17)very anxious to return home回家心切归心似箭18)have not cut off relations completely 没有彻底断绝关系藕断丝连19)great in momentum and irresistible 声势浩大，不可阻挡排山倒海之势20)accelerate the speed;speed up快上加快快马加鞭,（二）单词、词组和成语汉译英时具体译法的译例：21)大吵大闹raise the roof22)公开认错
14、stand in a white sheet23)有花不完的钱have enough money to burn24)话中有话with the tongue in the cheek25)获得全胜sweep the board26)机敏keep ones eyes on the ball27)坚决反对put ones foot down;set ones face against28)简言之in a nutshell29)侥幸by the skin of ones teeth30)结为良缘win the hand of,31)截然不同oil and vinegar32)家丑a skeleton
15、 in the cupboard;a family skeleton33)觉得可疑smell a rat34)鲁莽的人a bull in a china shop35)捏造pull sth out of ones hat36)告发put the finger on37)干苦差事hold carry the baby38)反应快quick on the trigger;think on ones feet39)恻隐之心the milk of human kindness40)保密keep sth under ones hat,（三）句子英译汉时具体译法的译例：41)We should by no
16、 means neglect the evaporation of water.我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。42)All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding.大家都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。43)No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work.对他在工作中表现的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。44)We were all greatly moved by his loftiness.我们都被他那种崇高品质所深深打动。45)More and more people have real
17、ized the necessity of learning computer.越来越多的人认识到了学习计算机的必要性。,46)The publishing house has to take the readability of the novel into consideration.出版社不得不考虑这部小说的可读性。47)The pharmacologists are making a careful study of the allergy of the medicine.药理学家们正在认真研究这种药的过敏反应。48)His arrogance sent him into isolat
18、ion and helplessness.他的傲慢态度使他孤立无援。49)The dancing hall was filled with gayety.舞厅充满了欢乐气氛。50)Her jealousy is the cause of her failure.她的嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。,（四）句子汉译英时具体译法的译例：61)他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.62)他新雇来的女佣人懒得出奇，饭量倒很大，真是一个无用而又累赘东西。His newly employed servant woman was ext
19、remely lazy and ate a lot,no more than a white elephant.63)我不敢肯定我能赢得这个荣誉，这还是未到手的东西。Im not sure whether I can win the honour;its a bird in the bush.64)这个男孩真粗心，他的书本都已经折角了。This boy is too careless;all his books are dog-eared.65)你不要过早乐观，真正的困难还在后头呢。Dont count your chickens before they are hatched.The rea
20、l difficulties still lay ahead.,66)我们决不能姑息坏人。We should never warm snakes in our bosoms.67)他在演讲中用了许多术语，使听众听了莫名其妙。He used so many technical terms in his speech that the audience could make neither head nor tail of it.68)至于那些苹果，我们就对半分吧。As for the apples,lets go fifty-fifty with them.69)我不想依靠父母过日子。I don
21、t want to hang on my parents sleeves.70)你应该把好坏分清楚。You should separate the sheep from the goats.,三、抽象译法,（一）单词、词组或成语英译汉时抽象译法的译例：1)make fish of one and flesh of another 厚此薄彼2)lick sbs boots巴结3)stick to ones last安分守己4)keep sth under ones hat保密5)eat ones heart out极度悲痛6)be in sbs pocket被某人操纵7)be in irons被
22、监禁8)wear ones heart on ones sleeve表露感情9)put ones cards on the table表明观点10)eat like a bird吃得极少,11)catch forty winks打盹儿12)break the ice打破僵局13)jump out of ones skin 大吃一惊14)get cold feet胆怯15)be driven from pillar to post被逼得走投无路16)walk on air得意洋洋17)get the green light得到许可18)mend ones fences改善关系19)poke on
23、es nose into sth干涉20)turn thumbs down on sth反对,（二）单词、词组或成语汉译英时抽象译法的译例：21)谦虚态度 modesty22)发展过程 development23)稳定性 stability24)灵敏度 sensibility25)无知的表现 innocence26)残暴行为 brutality27)同化作用 assimilation28)避孕措施 contraception29)防暴措施 anti-violence30)同情心理 sympathy,31)鸡毛蒜皮trifling32)开门见山come straight to the point
24、33)狗急跳墙do sth desperate34)顺手牵羊walk off with sth35)守株待兔trust to chance and stroke of luck36)铜墙铁壁an impregnable fortress37)唇枪舌剑engage in a battle of words38)黔驴技穷at ones wits end39)单枪匹马all by oneself40)生龙活虎bursting with energy,（三）句子英译汉时抽象译法的译例：41)I was practically on my knees but he still refused.我几乎是苦
25、苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。42)The two sisters were usually in agreement on most issues,but they were at swords points on the matter of abortion.在很多问题上姐妹俩的意见通常是一致的，但在人工流产问题上，她们是有激烈的争执的。43)He is a rolling stone.I dont think he can go far.他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。44)Since I only got the news at second hand,I took it with
26、a grain of salt.这个消息我只是间接听来的，所以并不完全相信。45)I must bare my heart to someone,or I shall go mad!我一定要向人讲真心话，否则我会发疯的！,46)Ill break my neck to get this done by Friday,but I cant promise for sure.我一定要尽最大的努力在星期五以前完成此事，但我不能说定。47)By this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband.她用这种手段离间这对夫妻。48)
27、He thinks by all this fast talking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes,but she isnt deceived.他以为像这样花言巧语加上奉承就可以蒙蔽她，但她没有受骗。49)The matter was finally settled under the table.事情终于私下解决了。50)The society held its meeting behind closed doors.这个社团秘密开会。,There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape i
28、n his nature.他的本性既残暴又狡猾。Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有甜有苦。She sailed into the room.她仪态万方地走进屋子。We must keep our powder dry.我们要时刻提高警惕。John can be relied on.He eats no fish and plays the game.约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又老实。,（四）句子汉译英时抽象译法的译例：61)那位小伙子真是喝了大胆汤。That young man has great courage,indeed!62)这是他们夫
29、妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？Thats a business of their own,between husband and wife.Why should you get involved in it?63)别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families.You are really well informed.64)这消息让我出了一身冷汗。I was extremely terrified by that news.65)他万万没想到在他前进的道路上竟会出
30、现这么多拦路虎！He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way.,66)半夜听到狼嗥，他感到毛骨悚然。He was horror-stricken when he heard the cries of the wolves at midnight.67)她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school.68)我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。I dare not show off in the presence
31、 of an expert.I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten us on this matter.69)你应该大刀阔斧。You should be bold and resolute.70)敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder.,四、增词译法,1)After the football match,hes got an important meeting.在观看足球比赛之后，他有一个重要会议去参加。（增加动词）2)He dismisse
32、d the meeting without a closing speech.他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。（增加动词）3)Basically,the theory proposed,among other things,that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light;.就其基本内容而言，这一学说提出的论点包括：光速是宇宙中最快的速度；（增加修饰语，以示强调）,4)一九七六年七月二十八日，唐山发生了大地震。On July 28,1976,a big earthquake took place in Tangsha
33、n.（增加介词）5)三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang the master mind.（增加词语，提供背景知识）6)班门弄斧 show off ones proficiency with axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter（增加词语，以表达原文内涵意义、提供背景知识）,No one can claim infallibility.谁也不能说，自己是一贯正确的。（英语用claim infallibility，汉语却用八个词加以引申，把原
34、文的涵义确切地表达出来。）The Japanese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.日本人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是可以理解的。,They,not surprisingly,did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。He shook his head and his eyes were wide,then narrowed in indignation.他摇了摇头，两目瞪得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出愤怒的神色。Today China Daily front
35、pages his article.今天中国日报以头版位置刊登了他的文章。,五、省词译法,1)He is not well today,but he still comes to class.他今天身体不好，但（他）还是来上课了。2)If I learn to drive a motorcycle,I will certainly buy a new one.我要是学摩托车的话，（我）就一定去买一辆新的。3)He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs.在（我们的）背后说我们好话的人，才是一个好的朋友。4)It is b
36、etter to do well than to say well.说得好不如做得好。（喊破嗓子不如做出样子。）5)Its your pen.I found it on the playground.这是你的钢笔，我在操场上找到（它）的。,11)总理在出席音乐会之前，还有许多工作要做。The Premier had a lot of work to do before(attending)the concert.12)她连续讲了两小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。She has been talking in French for two hours without(making)any mist
37、akes.13)在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的错误。We must avoid making(unnecessary)mistakes in our work.14)人群渐渐静了下来。Silence(gradually)came over the crowds.15)这架电视机真是价廉物美。This television set is really cheap(in price)and fine(in quality).,六、合词译法,1)Youll supply financial power,and well supply manpower.Isnt that fair and squa
38、re?你们出钱，我们出人，这难道还不公平吗？2)In our workshop there is a hard and fast rule against smoking.我们车间有严格的规定，不许吸烟。（或：我们车间严禁吸烟。）3)He is dead and gone.他的确死了。4)His father is a man who forgives and forgets.他父亲非常宽容。5)Her son was wise and clever,but her daughter was silly and foolish.她的儿子非常聪明，可她的女儿却很笨。,6)要不然时叫他趁早回心转意
39、，有多少好处。（曹雪芹：红楼梦，第四十六回）Otherwise,the sooner she changes her mind the better for her.7)你看那正根正苗，忍饥挨饿的，要多少？（曹雪芹：红楼梦，第四十五回）Plenty of real gentlefolk go hungry.8)他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨。He is determined to turn over a new leaf.9)你怎么能过河拆桥、忘恩负义呢？How can you kick down the ladder?10)中国人民的不屈不挠的努力必将稳步地达到自己的目的。（毛泽东选集第五卷）By
40、 our own indomitable efforts we the Chinese people will unswervingly reach our goal.,31)陈词滥调 old stuff/clich32)痴心妄想 wishful thinking/fond dream33)长篇大论 a ponderous thesis/a lengthy speech article34)粗心大意 careless/negligent35)丰功伟绩 great magnificent contributions36)灵丹妙药 miraculous cure/heal-all37)自以为是，夜
41、郎自大 self-conceited/arrogant38)以怨报德，恩将仇报 return kindness with ingratitude39)低三下四，奴颜婢膝 humble oneself40)宽宏大量，既往不咎 forgive and forget,七、转性译法,1)Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。（名词转为动词）2)What are you after?你追求什么？（介词转为动词）3)It was officially announced that Paris is invited to
42、 the meeting.官方宣布，巴黎应邀出席会议。（副词转为名词）4)I am no drinker,nor smoker.我既不喝酒，也不抽烟。（名词转为动词）5)It was a very informative meeting.会上透露了许多信息。（形容词转为动词）,TheinternationalfoodshortagehadadirectimpactonKuwaitandotherbarrendesertcountries.由于世界普遍缺乏粮食，这就直接影响到科威特和其它不毛的沙漠国家。,6)她对他们越来越憎恨。Her hatred for them grew more.（动词转
43、为名词）7)许多学生反对他。Many students are against him.（动词转为介词）8)他们迫切地想弄到消息。They were news-hungry.（动词转为形容词）9)你们现在得走了。You must be off now.（动词转为副词）10)她非常漂亮。She is a real beauty.（形容词转为名词）,名动The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。Some of my classmates are goo
44、d singers.我同班同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好。,汉语的特点之一是常用动词。The appearance of the book on the market caused a sensation.这本书在市场上的出现轰动一时。He is a lover of Chinese paintings.他热爱中国画。An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.读一点世界史，对学习时事是有帮助的。,动名His speech impressed the audience deeply.他的讲演给
45、听众的印象很深。Most students behaved respectfully towards their teacher.大部分学生对老师态度很恭敬。His paintings are characterized by steady strokes and bright colours.他的画的特点是笔力沉着，色彩鲜明。,英语中介词多，这是英语的一个特点。英译汉时，在不少情况下可以转译成汉语动词，如：The fighters walked on against the piercing wind.战士们冒/迎着刺骨的寒风前进。I sent him for a doctor.我派他请医生
46、来。She sang to the piano.她和着琴声歌唱。,Coming!Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the veranda,and into the porch.“来啦！”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。Up the street they went.,past stores,across a broad square,and then entered a huge building.他们朝着大街走去，经过许多商店，穿过一个大广场，然后进了一座大厦。,有些形容词派
47、生的名词往往可以转译成形容词。例如：This experiment was a success.这个实验很成功。Physical training is an absolute necessity to university students.参加体育锻炼对大学生来说是绝对必要的。As he is a perfect stranger in the city,I hope you will give him the necessary help.因为他对这城市完全陌生，我希望你能给他必要的帮助。The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she w
48、as feeling at the moment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的感情。,还有其它词类转译，如：He was eloquent and elegant-but soft.他有口才，有风度，但个性软弱。（形容词译为名词）They gave him a hearty welcome.他们热忱地欢迎他。（形容词译为副词）This is sheer nonsense.这完全是一派胡言。（形容词译为副词）He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体羸弱但头脑（正常）/机灵/灵活。（副词译为名词）,八、换形译法,1)You think she w
49、ill come if it is fine tomorrow.But I dont think so.你认为明天天好，她就会来，我觉得她不会来。（我不认为是这样。）2)You say he works hard;so he does.你说他很努力，对，他确实很努力。（他确实是这样。）3)The whole project was completed in a quarter of a year.整个工程在3个月内就完成了。（整个工程在四分之一年内就完成了。）4)It took them two decades to do the job.这项工作花去了他们20年时间。（这项工作花去了他们两个
50、十年。）5)He was in New York in the first ten days of March.三月上旬，他在纽约。（三月的前十天）,6)你会倒立，我也会倒立。You can stand on your hands,so can I.（？.I can stand on my hands,too.）7)我不喜欢抽烟，抽烟对身体没好处。I dont like smoking;it is no good to health.（？I dont like smoking;smoking is no good to health.）8)谣传说，七月下旬将有大地震。Rumour has it
