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1、.,非谓语动词讲解,Nonfinite Verbs,.,非谓语动词,动名词,分词,现在分词,过去分词,动词不定式,.,1.谓语动词：,概述：,2. 非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词,是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分,一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。,非谓语动词使用条件,She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.,.,1 The teachers sit
2、ting there are from other schools.,表语,2 We saw some teachers sitting there.,宾语补足语,3 We need to be active in class.,宾语,谓语,宾语,主语,定语,连系动词,划分句子成分,非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等.,.,4.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 5.I want to see you.6.I want him to see you. 7.My hope is to see you.8.He is
3、the man to see you.9.Im glad to see you. 10.I went to see you. 11.He went so early as to see you,（作主语）,(作宾语）,（作宾补）,(作表语）,（作定语）,（作原因状语）,（作目的状语）,（作结果状语）,.,12.Swimming is his favourite sport. 13.He enjoys swimming. 14.I found him swimming in the river. 15.His favourite sport is swimming.16.He is the ma
4、n swimming in the river just now. 17. Swimming in Summer ,we can get cool.,(作主语）,(作宾语）,(作宾补）,(作表语）,(作状语）,(作定语）,.,动词不定式（The Infinitive）,一. 动词不定式的基本构成：,由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成,肯定式：to do sth 否定式：not to do sth. 被动式：to be done 完成式：to have done,二. 动词不定式的句法作用法,动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表
5、语定语、状语等成份。,.,动词不定式,To do that sort of thing is foolish。,I want to see you this evening,All you have to do is to finish it quickly.,We found a house to live in.,She came here to study English.,I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,.,(1)作主语,不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动
6、词之前。,To see is to believe,Not to get there in time is your fault.,注：常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。,句型1：It + 谓语 + to do,It takes us an hour _ get there by bus.,句型2：Its + n. + to do,Its our duty _ help the poor.,It is a great enjoyment _ spend our holiday in the mountains,.,句型3：It is adj. for/of sb.
7、to do sth.,It is + adj + for sb to do sthIt is + adj + of sb to do sth,（是形容人的品质的 ）,（是形容事物的性质的 ）,It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.,It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher l
8、ike that.,You are very kind to give me some help.,you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.,.,常见动词有：,(2)作宾语,I want to know this matter.,like, demand, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, seem, intend, prefer, forget, mean, prepare, pretend, continue, start
9、, afford, hate等,I dont expect to meet you here.,1).,接不定式做宾语,1. They wanted _( get ) on the bus, didnt they?2. He said he wished _( be ) a professor.3. I agreed_ ( go ) there with the doctor.4. My daughter preferred _ ( dance ) when she was in her twenties.5. He had promised _ ( give ) me a hand.,.,B
10、. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain know, show, discover, see(understand)He taught us how to use the tool.No one could tell me where to get the book.I hope youll advise me what to do.,I dont know how to get there.,I havent decided whether to go or s
11、tay.,.,beginstartcontinue,+,to do doing,注意下列动词,.,likelovehatepreferlearn,+,to dodoing,.,rememberforgetregret,+,to dodoing,.,trymeanstopgo on,+,to dodoing,.,1. Boys, dont forget _ the windows before you leave the classroom.A. closingB. closedC. to closingD. to close2.She reached the top of the hill a
12、nd stopped _ on a big rock.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest4. Remember _ the lights when you leave the office.A. to turn offB. turning offC. turn offD. to turning off,.,(3)作宾语补足语,(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系),1. Mothertoldme_comebackbefore10oclock. 2. Illgetsomeone_repairtherecorderforyou. 3. W
13、hatcausedhim_changehismind? 4.Iwishyou_comeassoonaspossible. 5. He asked me _do the work with him,.,advise allow ask beg cause expect encourage force get hate invite order wishobligewant warn remindpromise permitpersuade request,sb. to do,.,see watch look athearlisten to feelnotice,+,sb.,+,dodoing d
14、one,make lethave,.,sb. be,seen watched looked atheardlistened to feltnoticed,+,to do,madelet,.,2).,Ioftenhearthem(sing)thissong.,Didyounoticeanyone(come)in? Iwouldhavehim(wait)formeforalongtime. Lookatthehorsejump.,注意：当这类动词转为被动语态时，其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：,He is often heard _ the song,Hewasseen_theroom.,to s
15、ing,toenter,.,4. it作形式宾语,I find/feel to work with him interesting ,I find/feel it interesting to work with him,注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。,Subject+ find/think/feel/make/ consider it +adj/n + to do sth.,1.Wethought_better_startearly. 2.Doyouconsider_betternot_go?3.Ifeel_mydut
16、y_changeallthat. 4.We think _ important _ obey the law.5.I know _ impossible _ finish so much homework in a day.,.,用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空，使句子完整、正确。 1.Let me _(help) you _ (water) the flowers.2.Little Sandy would love _(take) to the cinema this evening. 3. Though he often made his deskmate _(cry), today he
17、was made _(cry) by his deskmate.4. I saw him _ into the small store.A. wentB. goingC. to goD. has gone5. Tell the boy _ out of the window.not to look B. to not lookC. dont lookD. not look,help,(to)water,to take,cry,to cry,.,5.I have something to tell you. (不定式作定语)不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything
18、 to wash today? Do you have anything to be washed today? (区别主被动）不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chance to go there.被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is the last to leave the room.不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词 He is looking for a room to live in.,.,1.The house is not big enough for us all_.A. to live inB. to be lived in C. to live D. fo
19、r living in2. Would you please pass me the knife _?A. to cut the fruit withB. to cut the fruitC. cutting the fruitD. cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say.please find a piece of paper （写上） 4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen （写）,to write on,to write with,动
20、词不定式做定语,.,注意：如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：,He is looking for a room to live in ,Please give me a knife to cut with,(5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件。,I came here to see youWe were very excited to hear the newsHe hurried to the school to find nobody there . To look at him，you would like him,(目的),(原因),(结果),(条件),.,动名词（
21、gerund）,一. 动名词的基本构成,二. 动名词的性质,动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：,1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰,I hope you dont mind my saying it.,.,2. 动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语,Are you for or against having the meeting.I insisted on leaving at once.,三.动名词的功用,1.可作主语,Seeing is believing,Reading newspapers can increase our knowledge.,no use no goo
22、d no fun Its + a shame + doing a waste of time/money useless dangerous There is no + doing.,It is no use crying.It is no good objectingLooking after the patients is a nurses job.Its dangerous playing with fire.Its a waste of time copying others homework.There is no joking about the matter.,.,2.可作宾语,
23、 S. + vt.+ doing,Have you finished reading the book?I suggest doing it in a different way.,在某些动词后要求用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式，常见的这类动词有：,避免错过 (少) 延期 avoid miss delay/postpone建议完成 (多) 练习 suggest / advise finish practise喜欢想象 禁不住 enjoy/appreciate/ imagine/ resist/cant help承认 否定 (与) 嫉妒 admit deny envy逃脱 冒险 (莫) 原谅 es
24、cape / envy /risk /pardon / excuse忍受 保持 (不) 在意 stand keep / keep on mind,注：在动词advise, allow, forbid(禁止)，permit（允许）等后，如果没有人称宾语，后跟动名词；如果有人称宾语则后跟不定式。例如,We dont allow people to fish here. 我们不准人们在这儿钓鱼。,People are not allowed to fish here. 人们不准在这儿钓鱼。,.,prefer.to. look forward to be used to put off give up
25、 S. + keep on + doing succeed in cant help feel like be busy be worth have difficulty/trouble/problem (in),作介词/短语动词的宾语:,S. + v. + prep. + doing,e.g.She sat there without (speak)I look forward to (see) him again.Are you used to (live) there alone?When my father heard the news, he couldnt help (laugh)
26、.I dont feel like (go) to see the film.He was busy (prepare) his lessons.,.,主动表被动:,want (需要) need (需要) require (需要) Sth. + + doing be worth (值得),使用动名词作宾语时，用主动形式表达被动含义,to be done,使用不定式作宾语时，依然用被动形式表达被动含义, The room wants (clean). The method needs (improve). This pair of shoes require (mend). The proble
27、m needs (work out). The question is well worth (discuss),.,d）动词 “like, love, hate, prefer”后接动名词表示“习惯性动作”，后接不定式表示“心理或一次具体动作”。当用在 should, would之后时，只跟不定式。例如：,I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.,我喜欢游泳，但今天我不愿去游泳。,What would you like to eat tonight?你今晚上想吃什么？,Stop；forget；try；Mean；go on
28、；,Others Examples,.,五.动名词的复合结构,动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语1).物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名词 在句中作主语: Marys coming late made her teacher angry. Do you mind my smoking? Do you mind my reading your paper? Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Roses going wont be of much he
29、lp. 2).人称代词宾格 / 名词 + 动名词 在句中作宾语: Im sure of him coming on time. He has never heard of a woman being a pilot. I dont mind Jack (him) going. She hates young people (them) smoking.,.,分词：Participles,一 分词的概述,1. 分词是“非谓语动词”的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现 在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）。,2. 现在分词：doing 过去分词：规则
30、动词 V+ed 不规则动词,3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中 作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。,.,现在分词与过去分词的区别：,1.语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动,Do you know the woman talking to Tom?The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.,2. 时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成,Developing country boiling waterDeveloped country boiled water,.,二、分词的作用,1、作定语,分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰
31、的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。,（1）前置定语,He is a promising young man.Make less noise. Theres a sleeping child.We only sell used books.我们只卖用过的书。,（2）后置定语,The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.,现在分词作定语表示动作。如果是单词，放在被修饰的名词前；如果是短语，放就放在被修饰的名词之后。,.,The bridge bui
32、lt last month needs repairing.,上个月建造的那座桥需要修理。,（3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后， 相当于一个定语从句。如：,Those who wish to join the club should sign here,(Those wishing to join this club should sign here.,),想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。,The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.),由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。,(The man, havi
33、ng been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory.,.,（4）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：,the question discussed yesterday,昨天讨论的问题（既表示被动也表示完成）,the fallen leaves,落下的树叶(只表示完成，不表示被动),2、作表语,分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：,She was too frightened to move.她被吓得一动不动。What you said is really inspiring.你所说的真令从鼓舞。,.,3、作宾语补
34、足语,可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。,I saw him walking in the street. 我看见他在街上走。 I heard them singing in the classroom.我听见他们在教室里唱歌。 We found the boy sleeping. 我们发现小孩睡着了。,.,A）I heard my brother ( singing , sung ) in the next room B）I heard the song ( singing , sung ) in E
35、nglish .,现在分词与过去分词在作状语的区别,四、作状语,现在分词表主动进行，过去分词表被动完成,1. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, we can see a beautiful factory. (Seeing/seen) from the top of the tower, the factory looks beautiful.2. (Hearing/heard) the bad news, they couldnt help crying.3. (Giving/Given) more time, we could do it b
36、etter.,4.I stood by the door, not daring to say a word.,.,Hearing the bad news, they couldnt help crying.,When they heard the bad news,.,Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.,If they had been given more attention,.,Being so angry, he couldnt go to sleep.,Because he was so angry,.,
37、They came into the classroom,singing and laughing.,.,To serve the people well, I study hard.,.,判断下列句子正误：,1. To learn English well, a lot of practice must be done.2. Seeing from the hill, the city is more beautiful.3. Heating , water will boil.4. Getting there, the door was found opened.,.,判断句子正误并改正：
38、,1, Being ill, his classmate sent him to hospital.2. To get there in time, he told me to get up early.3, Broken by Jim, I cant use the cup.,.,将下列状语从句改为非谓语短语作状语：1. Because she was moved by the hero, she decided to study harder.,.,2. When he found the door locked, he went home.,.,He started early in o
39、rder that he could get there on time.,.,将下列非谓语短语改写为状语从句,1. Not knowing her address, I cant write to her.2. Entering the room, I saw a strange sight.3, Scolded by the teacher, he was very sad.,.,4.Not knowing where to go, he asked a policeman . 5. Hearing her friend was bad-ly hurt, she burst into te
40、ars.6. Knowing his team had won, he became happy at once.,.,不定式时态、语态的用法,1. 不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般时态 He wanted to see you 2. 强调不定式的动作正在进行时，用进行时态When I came in ,he pretended to be reading a book He is said to be writing a novel 3. 强调 不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用不定式完成时He is said to have written a novel . Im so gla
41、d to have seen you .The ground is so wet ,It must have rained last night,不定式被动语态的用法.A, 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态She asked to be sent to work in Tibet (宾语)The book is said to have been translated into English ( 或叫合 It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here (主 语),.,句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被动关系，
42、也还要用主动语态1, Give him some book to read Do you have any clothes to wash ?“Do you have any clothes to be washed?” asked the maid 2, S +be+easy difficult hard pleasant interesting exciting comfortable +to doThis question is easy to answer The boy is difficult to teach 3, The house is to let The manager
43、is to blame .The reason is not far to seek .4There be句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同There is nothing to do now (we have nothing to do now )现在没事干There is nothing to be done now (we can do nothing now )现在没什么办法There is nothing to see (nothing is worth seeing )没有东西值得看There is nothing to be seen 看不见有什么东西,.,分词时态、语
44、态的用法,如果强调分词表示的动作 发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。Not having finished his homework ,Tom was made to stay at school .Having closed all the windows ,I went home Having been invited to the party ,Tom was very happy .,分词所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。分词与其逻辑主语的关系时被动的，要用被动语态1.Looking out of the window, I can see many cars and buses.2.S
45、een from the top of Dragon Tower, Harbin looks more beautiful.3.The teacher came in, _many students.(follow)4.The teacher came in, _by many students.(follow),following,followed,如果强调分词表示的动作正在进行时，要用分词的进行时态。1. Being repaired, the building is forbidden to enter.2. The house being built now is a Hope Pro
46、ject School.3. Passing by the accident scene, I saw the man badly hurt being carried onto an ambulance.,.,Task: complete the following sentences,1.“（你有衣服要洗吗）?the maid asked.2._(没有完成作业),Tom was forbidden to watch TV.3._(正在刷油漆), the house was not allowed to enter.4._(被邀请参加舞会), Mary felt excited.5.The
47、difficult maths problem _(很难算出）.6.She was angry for _(没有被邀请）to the ball.7.The thief stole into the store_(没人看到）8.The flat _(出租）9.The man who was on duty that day _(应受谴责）10.They were proud of _(被派往西藏去工作）11.When the teacher came in, Tom _(假装再看书）12.Ni Ping is said _(写了一本名叫“日子”的书） 13.Song Dandan is said
48、 _(在写一本叫“月子”的书）14._(从窗户往外看), I can see many tall buildings.15._(从山顶往下看), the city looks more beautiful.16._(他有很多活要干）.Dont bother him.17._(他有很多活要干) and you can go ,too.,Do you have any clothes to be washedNot having finished his homework,Being paintedNot having been invited to the ball,is difficult t
49、o work out,not having been invited,without being seen,is to let,is to blame,having been sent to work in Tibet,pretended to be reading,to have written a book called “The Days”,to be writing a book named “ The Months”,Looking out of the window,Seen from top of the hill,He has a lot of work to doHe has
50、 a lot of work to be done,.,分词的时态和语态,构成（以study和go为例）,.,被动式： being done 表示一个现在进行的完成动作。,1.The building being repaired is our library.2.The question being discussed is very important.3. As we approached the village, we saw new houses being put up.,完成式：having done 所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。,Having turned of
