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1、POPs污染现状与对策分析,The status quo and possible solution to the pollution of POPs杨新羽 张嘉幼 曾晓文,The conception of POPs,POPs are a small group of persistent , bio-accumulative , long-range transported and toxic chemicals. They have high solubility in grease. Through the transportation of atmosphere and water,
2、 the pollution of POPs can be global, so they are considered to be highly poisonous.In May 2001 , the Stockholm Convention , a legally binding treaty on POPs , was signed. It entered into force on May 27th, 2004. China signed the Convention on the first day opened for signature.1) DDT、氯丹(chlordane)、
3、灭蚁灵(mirex)、艾氏剂(Aldrin)、狄氏剂(Dieldrin)、异狄氏剂( Endrin)、七氯(heptachlor)、毒杀酚(toxaphene)；2) 六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene)和PCBs；3) including dioxins、呋喃(furan)类,The structure of PAHs,The structure of PAHs,6-甲基-5,10-亚乙基-1,2-苯并蒽,10-甲基-1,2-苯并蒽,The structure of PAHs,2-甲基-3,4-苯并菲,1,2,3,4-二苯并菲,The property of PAHs,PAHs结构上
4、最明显的特征是它们都是在一个平面上的稠环相结合。它的分子中，多个苯环的共轭电子云，构成大电子云体系，决定了其自身的光学性质，同时也使得PAHs具有稳定的化学性质。自然界中除少数几个氢化衍生物外，所有的PAHs在常温下大多是固态，且挥发性甚小(萘除外)。由于PAHs的分子量较大，而且没有极性取代基团，导致其在水中的溶解度极小。,The transmission of POPs,Persistent Organic Pollutants are transported across international boundaries far from their sources, even to r
5、egions where they have never been used or produced. The eco-systems and indigenous people of the Arctic are particularly at risk because of the long-range environmental transportation and bio-magnification of these substances. Consequently, persistent organic pollutants pose a threat to the environm
6、ent and to human health all over the globe.,The status quo - which we must encounter,There are many significant events caused by POPS, for instance, the fatal damage in 1968( Aizhi county, Japan) caused by PCBs in edible oil, resulted in several death and agenesis of infants. Similar events happened
7、 in Taiwan, China. During the civil war in the United States, the wide spread of POPs caused countless health problems in the local people, the soldiers and their descendents. In 1999, Belgium, the pollution of PCDD and PCDF in chicken-feedstuff spread all over the world, causing disastrous damage t
8、o the stock raising industry,The living proof,How can POPs come into our surroundings?,Firstly, by the combustion of rubbish and other solid wastes.Secondly, by the combustion at a high temperature of fossil fuel and the release of oils.Thirdly, the process of industry. (smelting, prefabricating, he
9、ating, paper making, printing and dyeing),The distribution of PAHs along the kiaochow bay(胶州湾),We can use specific methods to distill the PAHs from the soil along the Kiaochow bay, and then use HPLC to detect the concentration of PAHs.The areas in the circle are affected by PAHs severely.,The abilit
10、y of POPs to cause cancer,How to deal with the problem- the authority,UNEP( United Nations Environment Program) consolidate the common division on 23th, August.The key to the prevention and cure of POPs is the enactment of TDI( Tolerant Daily Intake).Make laws and regulation to control the emission
11、of POPs.( effective way to control the source),How to deal with the problem- the environmentalist,Four fields for research:1)The transportation, transformation and environmental trend of POPs.2)The degradation under natural and artificial circumstances. 3)The characteristic of the environmental beha
12、vior of POPs in typical climate and geographic conditions.4)The inter-relationship between the structure and the environmental behavior.,To control POPs,Three methods:1)Find alternative to replace the source2)Reduce the emission of POPs through strict control of the manufacturing process3)To deal wi
13、th existing POPs,The technics of controlling POPs,The technics of controlling the source of POPs based on the principle of destroying the structure of POPs, and eliminating the damage.Combustion in high temperatureChemical treatmentLandfillLong-time store and recycle,The interaction between PAHs and
14、 microorganisms,PCBs样品操作流程图,样品称重,超声萃取,离心分离,浓硫酸净化,无水硫酸钠,丙酮/正己烷,过无水硫酸钠,旋转蒸发,交换溶剂,铜粉,再次浓缩,GC分析,2% NaCl,过硅胶柱,PCB209,The Status quo of POPs Research in China,The national environmental department has organized some international cooperation items about POPs, such as how to control organic chlorine and in
15、vestigation about contamination of PCBs, pre-preparation item for obeying “Stockholm Convention” and so on.We will develop advanced sampling technics and devices to survey POPs and set a new detecting technics and quality-controling system which is as good as international technics to detect tiny an
16、d persistent pollutants. Thus, the technics about detecting POPs in environment will be improved in China.And the main research contents are including:POPs物质的分析方法及快速检测技术(analysis method of POPs and quick monitoring technics);典型POPs的多介质环境循环模型(multi-medium environmental cycling model of typical POPs )
17、;受POPs污染水体,土壤,底泥的修复原理(POPscontaminated aquatics, soil, sediment remediation principle).,The Status quo of POPs Research in China,And next stage, we will go further to perfect primary listing and strategy about pesticide persistent pollutants, investigate POPs which are produced by medical treatment
18、and combustion of dangerous wastes and so on. We will propose a plan and a strategy to reduce POPs and take actions in typical industry, such as organize a “feasible technics/best environment practice model”,International POPs research,Historic period Organic chemistry commonly used (WW1960s)Organic
19、 chemistry pollution aggravate (1960s1990s) 1976年7月在意大利发生的二恶英泄漏事件,1968年在日本以及1979年在台湾发生的因食用受多氯联苯污染的米糠油而导致上千人中毒的事件等POPs conception appears (19901995) 1995年5月召开的联合国环境规划署(UNEP)理事会上提出了首批12种受控制POPs包括艾氏剂,氯丹,滴滴涕,异狄氏剂,七氯,灭蚁灵,毒杀芬等8种杀虫剂,以及多氯联苯,六氯代苯,二恶英,呋喃.在这次会议之后,POPs概念正式得到国际社会的认可. Become heat discussion and i
20、nternational focus 2001年5月23日,包括中国在内的90个国家的环境部长或高级官员在瑞典斯德哥尔摩代表各自政府签署了关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约,从而正式启动了人类向POPs宣战的进程.根据该公约,各缔约国将通过法律,禁止或限制使用12种对人体健康和自然环境特别有害的POPs.,POPs heat topic,Toxicity and ecology impactBasic parameter and configuration-activity quantitative researchTransfer and translate behaviorEliminate and substitute research,Thank you for listening -,The distilling of PAHs,准确称取10g 沉积物样品,置于索氏提取器中,加入100 mL 甲醇-二氯甲烷(体积比1:2),在65摄氏度水浴中提取8h,提取液在旋转蒸发器上减压浓缩至5mL(水浴温度30摄氏度 ),并继续在高纯N2下吹至约0.5 mL.然后加入装有活化硅胶的层析柱(填有无水Na2SO4)进一步纯化.先后用25mL正己烷和25 mL 二氯甲烷淋洗,收集二氯甲烷洗脱液,再用旋转蒸发器浓缩至5mL,然后在高纯N2 下吹至0.5 mL,避光于冰箱中保存.,
